Fat composition of milk replacer influences growth performance, feeding behavior, and plasma fatty acid profile in ad libitum–fed calves
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Fat composition in milk replacers (MR) for calves differs from bovine milk fat in multiple ways. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of different approaches of formulating fat in MR on growth, ad libitum intakes of MR and solid feeds, as well as blood metabolites in dairy calves. Upon 24 to 96 h after birth, 63 calves were acquired from dairy farms and incorporated into the study. Calves were blocked based on arrival day and randomly assigned within each block to one of 3 treatments differing in MR fat composition (n = 21 per group): VG was based on vegetable fats including 80% rapeseed and 20% coconut fats; AN was formulated with animal fats including 65% lard and 35% dairy cream; and MX with a mixture of 80% lard and 20% coconut fats. All 3 MR contained 30% fat, 24% crude protein, and 36% lactose and were formulated to have a fatty acid profile resembling that of milk fat. From arrival onward (3.1 ± 0.84 d of age; means ± standard deviation), calves were group housed and were offered an ad libitum supply of MR at 135 g/L (13.5% solids). Weaning was gradual and induced between wk 7 and 10, after which calves were fed only solid feeds. Starter feed, chopped straw, and water were offered ad libitum throughout the study. Calves were weighed, and blood was collected weekly until d 84 after arrival. Preweaning average daily gain was greater in calves fed AN (915 g/d) than other treatments (783 g/d), whereas no differences were detected in the weaning and postweaning phases. Preweaning MR intake was greater in calves fed AN than MX from wk 2 to 6 and was also higher in calves fed AN than VG in wk 5 and 6. Consistently, the number of rewarded visits during the ad libitum phase was greater in calves fed AN than MX, whereas VG showed no differences. This led to a higher preweaning total metabolizable energy intake in calves fed AN than in calves fed VG and MX. Serum cholesterol was higher, and serum albumin was lower in calves fed VG than other treatments. The proportion of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in total plasma cholesterol was lower and that of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was higher in calves fed VG compared with other treatments. Overall, the fatty acid profile of plasma largely mirrored the MR fat composition during the preweaning period. Feeding AN enhanced MR intake and improved preweaning growth compared with other treatments. Feeding VG resulted in a marked increase in plasma cholesterol, particularly in the form of LDL cholesterol, which could be linked to an excessive intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings underscore the importance of formulating the fat content of MR to be similar to bovine milk fat.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».