Hatchling Phenotype Of Lake Whitefish Incubated At Increased Temperature During Critical Windows Of Development
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an animal to modify its phenotype in response to the environment. Embryos may have critical windows during development when they are particularly plastic or susceptible to the environment. We examined whether there are critical windows during Lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ) embryonic development when temperature has an especially strong effect on phenotype. Lake whitefish are a cold‐water fish species that inhabits the North American Great Lakes. This species lays eggs that develop over winter when lake temperatures are near freezing. With 2°C as the overall control temperature, embryos were incubated at either 5°C, 8°C or 11°C for all of embryonic development or only during one of four distinct windows of development: gastrulation, organogenesis, fin development, and late growth. Survival was monitored throughout development. Hatching characteristics, including time to hatch, mass at hatch, and hatchling oxygen consumption rate, were measured to examine if warmer temperatures during the four windows of development altered hatchling phenotype. No embryos survived to hatch when incubated constantly at 11°C, and survival was reduced at constant 8°C. Survival was also reduced when embryos were incubated at 11°C during the windows of gastrulation, organogenesis and fin development, but not during the late growth window. Time to 50% hatch decreased with an increase in constant incubation temperature, and only during the late growth window did an increase in temperature decrease time to hatch. Increased incubation temperature during the late growth window resulted in smaller hatchlings and reduced yolk conversion efficiency compared to embryos incubated constantly at 2°C or embryos incubated in warmer temperatures during earlier windows of development. Incubation at 11°C during organogenesis, fin development and the late growth window also reduced yolk conversion efficiency. Mass‐specific oxygen consumption rate increased with an increase in constant incubation temperature, but incubation at either 5°C, 8°C or 11°C during gastrulation, organogenesis, fin development or the growth window did not have substantial effects on metabolism at hatch. Overall, critical windows for survival in response to increased temperature were present during gastrulation, organogenesis and fin development. However, hatchling size was most influenced by incubation at warm temperatures during the late growth window prior to hatch, due to increased temperature inducing early hatching. Support or Funding Information C.A.M. and J.E. were supported by a MITACS Accelerate grant to D.R.B. and J.Y.W. Funding was provided by Bruce Power® and a Collaborative Research and Development Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to J.Y.W., R.G.M., and C.M.S.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».