Herbicide Contamination in Ground Water and Their Probable Remediation
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Herbicides become integral components in modern agriculture as it offers low cost solution to manage weed flora both crop and non-crop field. Currently, promotion of conservation agriculture (CA)-based crop cultivation practices solely depends on herbicides to counter weeds. Herbicides were dominant agricultural chemicals used for crop protection purpose and also used in higher quantities compared to others. There is large volume of research articles on persistence of herbicides in soil had been done published so far. But information on herbicide residues in ground water is scanty and majority of the studies were reported from USA, Canada, and European countries. Major citations on the presence of herbicide residues dominated by triazine (atrazine, simezine, and metribuzin), chlor acetanilides (alachlor, metalochlor, and acetachlor), phenoxy alkalonic acid (2,4-D), and organo 112phosphate (glyphosate) group of herbicides and along with their degraded products. Spatial and temporal variation of herbicide residue content in ground water was well documented by many researchers. It was observed that herbicide residues present in ground water in ranged below or more than maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) set by European Union (0.1 µg L−1). The presence of herbicide residues more than MAC level in drinking water may cause health hazard also reported from many countries like Peru, Argentina, and Sri Lanka, etc. There is necessity of strong regulatory body for monitoring of herbicide residues in ground water in each and every country. Thus, future research should be focused to minimize herbicide residue load in soil, water, and ecosystem. In this chapter, we have highlighted on the presence of herbicide residues in ground water reported from across the world, factors involved and way out pathways. Among the different methods of remediation of herbicide residue in ground water, preventive measures such as selection of appropriate herbicide, proper mixing & application procedure, prevention of runoff, and irrigation management are of sustainable approach. Phytoremediation is of widely used method amid different ground water remediation techniques. Bacterial (Comamonadaceae and Sphingomonadales) and algal (Scenedesmus species) degradation were also found effective for treatment of herbicidal ground water contamination. Apart from this, a new nano-remediation technique was found effective for remediation of atrazine and bromacil in ground water.
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Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle