Digital is making us rethink global trade
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Globalization and trade from cross-border sales to global value chains A woman in Dusseldorf suffering from pain in her hip is x-rayed in a local hospital. Her x-ray is read and interpreted online by a specialist in Bangalore, who recommends her for hip replacement surgery. Prior to her surgery, her replacement hip joint is custom ‘printed’ in Dusseldorf on a 3-D printer manufactured in Toronto and operated remotely by a technician in Los Angeles. Her surgeon in Dusseldorf who installs the replacement hip, born in Damascus, received his medical training at a university in Shanghai and now works in Germany on a refugee visa. This tale of numerous intermediate and component goods, services, labour, data, and information crossing borders in different ways to deliver a hightechnology medical service needed by one individual is not a narrative of traditional international trade, any more than the complex web of regulations and international agreements governing each element of the service delivered is a product of traditional diplomacy. Trade and the diplomacy that facilitates it are already different today in many areas. They will continue to change in the future. As technologies have emerged and evolved over the past two and a half centuries, the way that products are designed, produced, and marketed has changed, the way that goods are bought and sold has changed. The part that international trade plays in that process has changed as well. Let us begin by examining how new technologies have changed how, and for whom, goods and services are produced. The first round of globalization, which began in the mid-nineteenth century, saw the transformation of the first industrial revolution's technologies of mass production and mechanization into a boom in international trade according to the model expected by the classical political economy theories of Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Producers increasingly produced and exported surpluses of goods (and later services) that used factors of production – labour, land, capital, knowhow – that existed in relative abundance where they were located. Hence their costs to produce these goods and services were relatively low.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,003 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; les deux têtes enseignantes s’accordent sur ce qui est montré ici.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».