Chingi-tura in the History of the Tyumen Khanate
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Purpose: To identify the main evolution stages of the status of the settlement of Chingi-tura as the political center of the Tyumen Khanate. Research materials: The work was carried out on the basis of an analysis of published sources (chronicles, embassy documents, letters, contracts, travelers’ notes, cartography data, and results of archaeological excavations). Results and scientific novelty. In historical research, largely under the influence of various editions of the so-called “Siberian chronicles,” there is a traditional concept about the connection of Chingi-tura, first of all, with the activities of the princes from the Taibugid dynasty. The city practically stopped existing with their departure to Isker-Siberia. However, a more comprehensive approach to sources, including archaeological ones, allows for considering this issue in a different way. The formation of the city (taking into account the specifics of applying this term to Siberian realities), was associated specifically with the Ulus of Jochi, dating back to the last quarter of the 13th century when the population changed there and Chingi-tura became one of the centers on the Transural trade route. The economic and possibly administrative significance of Chingi-tura in the 13th–14th centuries became the basis for its political rise in the first third of the next century. It appeared to be the center that attracted those Shibanids who would fight for uniting all lands of that dynasty’s representatives into a single state. Moreover, until the end of 1420 the city was under the control of representatives of the Burkut tribe whose history is obviously connected with the Siberian Taibugids. Only after 1431, in the time of Abu-l-Khair, did Chingi-tura receive the status of a throne place (Tyumen of Russian sources) which is a reasonable basis to refer to the state as the Tyumen Khanate. For a long time, the specificity of the city was determined by the fact that it was located on the northern border of this steppe state, something which greatly complicated its development. Also, contrary to the established historiographic tradition, it can be said that Chingi-tura was not abandoned after the death or murder of the Tyumen Khan Ibrahim (Ibak) no later than 1495. The collapse of the city is associated with the crisis of the Tyumen Khanate itself in late 1510. Despite the apparent decrease of its importance, the city continued to exist and play a certain role in the political ideology of Khan Kuchum, a grandson of Ibrahim. It was finally abandoned by the Tatars after Yermak’s campaign. Owing to this, by 1586, the time of the construction of Russian Tyumen nearby, it was already called as “an empty settlement”. Further understanding of Chingi-tura role in the history of the Siberian statehood of the Shibanids is impossible without the urgent continuation of archaeological excavations of the settlement remains that have survived to this day.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».