Completion and Stimulation Design Evolution in Tight Chalk Formations in Offshore Norway
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Lower completion and acid stimulation design for low permeability chalk formations in a series of North Sea Fields were modified from historical/legacy approaches, to improve well performance for both production and injection purposes. The modifications include 1) a stimulation change from high-rate matrix acidizing to acid fracturing, and 2) optimization of ball-activated sliding sleeve design. The improvement in well performance was validated with actual productivity comparison to offset wells. Further improvements are being developed for future extended reach wells. A ball-activated sliding sleeve completion was chosen for the new, improved, horizontal well completion. Sleeve spacing, the number of sleeves and port sizes were subsequently optimized over the targeted stimulated lateral length by pipe flow modeling and by limited-entry design methods. Optimization of acid fracturing designs was achieved after incorporating critical findings from various laboratory tests that include rotating disk tests, acid-etched fracture conductivity tests, and gel shear history simulator tests. The new acid fracturing treatment designs were generated with the help of numerical simulation that were continuously fine-tuned based on new observations made during treatments and rigorous analysis of bottomhole injection pressures during the treatment. As a result of the lower completion design optimization process, different size nozzles were introduced into the sliding sleeves to treat up to 5 sleeves per stimulation stage with effective fluid diversion. This allowed 1) using available pumping weather windows effectively in the offshore environment, 2) reducing or eliminating time-consuming wireline perforation runs, 3) limiting the acid exposure to mitigate ball/seat zonal isolation events (i.e., dissolvable balls are not compatible with acid). The new and improved acid fracturing design enabled a reduction of the number of gel/acid cycles from 5 to 3 which reduced stimulation cost without losing stimulation effectiveness. The new design also resulted in productivity enhancements depending on the well location within the structure. The largest performance improvement was observed on wells that were placed further down-flank where reservoir rock is stronger and permeabilities are lower. These wells require more intensive acid fracturing treatment to generate economical and sustainable production rates. Finally, these wells also tend to require less restimulation frequency with time. This type of analysis work has not been presented previously and it optimizes lower completion for acid fracturing stimulation on a well-by-well basis. Further improvement is expected as stimulation designs and completion technology continue to evolve.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».