Decline, Revival and Renewal – the Role of Parks into 21st-century Britain
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The importance of parks to the Victorians, which were pioneered so strongly by the great reformers, was ultimately lost in the 1970s and 1980s. In 1993, the Garden History Society and the Victorian Society produced a report entitled Public Prospects – Historic Urban Parks under Threat , authored by Hazel Conway and David Lambert. The aims of the report were to stress the historic importance of public parks and to draw attention to the threats which beset them. Both organisations were of the opinion that the conservation of parks’ historic interest was fundamental to their continued contribution to the life of our towns and cities. It was a milestone report highlighting the serious concern at the decline in many of our most important parks. It stated that the sad state of many parks today is not always the fault of local authorities. Many have continued to provide high quality management in a maelstrom of administrative and financial reorganisation … our report is intended as a rallying call to Government for proper recognition of our historic parks, and more support for those local authorities and the staff responsible for the parks. The threats to parks The beginning of the decline of parks and the reasons for it have already been described in some detail. Historic parks such as Sefton Park, Liverpool; Avenham and Miller Park, Preston; Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow; and People's Park, Halifax, were victims of such decline, along with many others. Buildings and statues were in a very poor condition, buildings boarded up, palm houses left derelict, and bandstands empty and rusting, where they remained. In Sefton Park, Liverpool, the heads of Peter Pan's fairies had been cut off. Boathouses were burnt out in places like Dartmouth Park in West Bromwich. The Grade A-listed pavilion in Paxton's Baxter Park, Dundee, was boarded up and covered in graffiti. Parks in Middlesbrough appeared abandoned, with only nefarious activity dominating. The lack of visible park staff led to the increasing unease about levels of personal safety in parks, particularly for women. As a result, parks were less used, unease increased and the spiral of decline proceeded rapidly. The continued problems from budgetary cuts and the changes allowing local authorities to sell off assets and use 100 per cent of such funds for capital purposes encouraged them to look at assets they could sell for redevelopment.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,007 | 0,012 |
| Communication savante | 0,009 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,008 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,007 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».