Phenological plasticity: shifting growth and developmental phases of North American tree species in response to environmental stressors
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Trees inhabiting seasonal climates organize their life cycle activities following an internal program termed phenology. The rising temperature through global warming has substantially influenced the timing of these phenological events, most prominently studied through the advancement of leaf emergence. Moreover, changes in precipitation patterns have led to severe drought events that have increased in both intensity and frequency worldwide. Both trends necessitate trees to adjust and synchronize their annual cycle within the ‘window of opportunity’ presenting itself based on favourable temperature and available soil moisture. Depending on when critical water limitations occur, tree species are affected at different developmental stages throughout their seasonal cycle. Thus, the severity of impact at a given stage and/or the flexibility to shift developmental and growth activities determine whether the same stressor results in mortality or minor growth reductions.We used over 1000 saplings of six North American tree species (Sequoia sempervirens, Pinus contorta, Quercus garryana, Betula papyrifera, Prunus virginiata, and Acer macrophyllum) to investigate how flexibly (or conservatively) trees re-arrange (or stick to) their phenological sequence and growth activities when impacted by a) drought or b) defoliation events. Both treatments were applied separately at three different times (after leaf emergence, at the summer solstice, and in August) on different batches of saplings. The saplings were grown in a Polytunnel in Vancouver, BC, Canada without water limitations (except for the periodic drought treatments) and were equipped with magnetic dendrometers to monitor radial growth along with observations of bud development and shoot elongation. After harvest, we assessed total root and shoot biomass. In addition, through an image analysis of micro stem slices (utilizing a microtome), we were able to review the xylem properties (e.g., the number of cells produced, vessel size) of treated and control saplings.Our findings reveal how artificial downregulation of source and sink activities at different points in the growing season impacts the performance of radial and apical meristems. Furthermore, we identify the potential of temperate tree species to cope with environmental stressors by optimally utilizing the available ‘time window of opportunity’—for instance, by shifting or splitting their phenological development and growth activity around a drought period. Finally, we discuss how these characteristics correlate with a species’ strategy and the level of bud determinism, i.e., whether shoots continue to grow later in the season (neo-growth atop pre-formed tissue).
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».