Supply Security and Technological Innovation of Global Cobalt Minerals
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The worldwide cobalt ore trade and supply chain crisis has attracted the attention of many countries and institutions, in such a manner that major countries have listed it among their key mineral series or list. The world has huge reserves of cobalt resources, however, with limited production and presence of geopolitical risks. This is mainly manifested in the existence of the highly concentrated production，refinery and consumption of cobalt resources. In addition to seabed cobalt deposits, cobalt exists in the following forms in the continents: layered sedimentary copper-cobalt deposits (about 58%), mainly located in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia; laterite-type nickel-cobalt deposits (about 29%), mainly situated in Australia, New Caledonia and Cuba; magmatic nickel-copper-PGE-cobalt deposits (about 9%), mainly distributed in Australia, Canada, Russia, Finland and the United States. Over 60% of the world’s cobalt concentrate is produced in D.R.Congo. But above 60% of cobalt ore refining and processing are done in China, while more than 60% of refined cobalt are consumed by China, the European Union and the United States. In particular, China, the United Kingdom, and Japan are nearly 100% dependent on import for cobalt supply. In face of such severe situation and intense competition, technological innovation is key. New technologies have actually been gradually applied, for example, the combined process of beneficiation and metallurgy, as well as some new extraction methods. Major challenges lie in the improvement of cobalt ore recovery rate, secondary resource utilization and product recycling. Many departments, institutions and enterprises in China have made long-term and in-depth arrangements in this regard. However, China’s international influence and control over the supply chain remain relatively weak. A big gap still exists as compared against the developed countries, making cobalt supply security an extremely important issue for China. Competition stays intense between China and western nations in terms of raw material supply. To improve the security of cobalt supply, it is crucial to gain a full understanding of the occurrence characteristics of the several major resource types, impose immense efforts on technological innovation in mining, ore processing and metallurgy, and push industrial innovation with high standards and high quality. In the meantime, considerable attention should also be paid to promoting international industrial alliances and technological cooperation, with a vision to get well prepared for the restructuring of the international industrial chain and changes in the competitive landscape.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,005 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».