HF01-04 SIR THOMAS BROWNE, SIR WILLIAM OSLER, EARL F. NATION, AND RACISM
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory of Urology Forum I (HF01)1 May 2024HF01-04 SIR THOMAS BROWNE, SIR WILLIAM OSLER, EARL F. NATION, AND RACISM Michael E. Moran Michael E. MoranMichael E. Moran View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/01.JU.0001008828.35887.de.04AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682) is little regarded today except by Oslerians and fans of early English literature. Sir William Osler became acquainted with Browne early in his professional life and carried a copy of Browne's Religio Medici with him at almost all times. Osler was so taken by Browne's writings that he assiduously collected almost all editions of Browne's written works. We are interested in Browne's essay Of the Blackness of Negroes and Osler's own perceived racisms and their modern attributions, the "presentism" displayed by finding fault with deceased physicians, including two huge fans of Browne, Sir William Osler and Earl F. Nation (73rd AUA President, 1978). METHODS: A review of all aspects of Thoms Browne's writings and Osler's fixations upon collecting every known edition were pursued. The Osler Library at McGill University was most helpful to this quest. Browne's quixotic 1646 Pseudodoxia Epidemica was the source of his 10th chapter Of the Blackness of Negroes. There have been several recent attempts to portray William Osler as a racist in the past 10 years and these too were pursued. We also followed Osler's interests in everything Browne, which prompted Earl F. Nation's personal interests as well. RESULTS: The Pseudodoxia is thought to have been written in response to Francis Bacon's The Advancement of Learning of 1605. In this rather amazing treatise of Browne's, he looks into the color of African's pigmentation by all known writers up to his time. During his amazing discussion he chances upon Lamarkian evolution over 100 years prior to Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 200 years prior Darwin's 1859 On the Origin of Species, and anticipated Gregor Mendel's 1865 inheritance (birth of genetics). Browne has never been tarred and feathered for fostering racism, but his major 20th century populist physician advocate Sir William Osler (1849-1919) for sure has, beginning in his own country, Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Browne has managed to escape recidivism on his historical piece on dark skin pigmentation and races. Osler has not fared nearly as well, though far more idolized and memorialized than Browne. One might be surprised that the attack on Osler originated from his home region of Toronto, Canada. Earl F. Nation (1910-2008) was former AUA President and a founding member of the American Osler Society would have cautiously disagreed. There is a lesson here for historical urologists, racism is a slippery slope. Source of Funding: None © 2024 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 211Issue 5SMay 2024Page: e280 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2024 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.Metrics Author Information Michael E. Moran More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,005 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,073 | 0,015 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».