The Image of the Fons and the Role of the Saints in Anselm of Canterbury’s Vision of Redemption

The Image of the Fons and the Role of the Saints in Anselm of Canterbury's Vision of Redemption1 Rachel Cresswell (bio) Rachel Cresswell Rachel Cresswell received her DPhil in Theology from the University of Oxford in 2020. She is currently Departmental Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History at the Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford, and Junior Research Fellow at Blackfriars, Oxford. Footnotes 1. An earlier version of this article was delivered as a paper entitled "The Saints as Images of Christ in the Prayers of Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109)" at the American Benedictine Academy session of the International Congress on Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, in 2018. John Fortin, in his 2019 article, also notes the image of the fons, as well as other biblical images, in Anselm's devotional writing: John Fortin, "Scriptural Images in Saint Anselm's Second Prayer to Saint John the Evangelist," American Benedictine Review 70, no. 2 (2019): 201–211. 2. Eleonore Stump, Atonement (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018). For Stump's analysis of the "Anselmian interpretation" of atonement, see especially pp. 55–56, 71–78, 107– 111. 3. Summaries of these critiques are found in J. Denny Weaver, The Nonviolent Atonement, 2nd ed. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2011), 219–320; Stephen Finlan, Problems with Atonement: the Origins of, and Controversy about, the Atonement Doctrine (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2005), 71–74; Dietrich Wiederkehr, Belief in Redemption, trans. Jeremy Moiser (London: J. Knox Press, 1979), 40; Paul S. Fiddes, Past Event and Present Salvation: the Christian Idea of Atonement (London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1989), 99; and Stephen R. Holmes, "The Upholding of Beauty: A Reading of Anselm's Cur Deus Homo," Scottish Journal of Theology 54 (2011): 190. For feminist perspectives, see especially Beverley W. Harrison and Carter Heyward, "Pain and Pleasure: Avoiding the Confusions of Christian Tradition in Feminist Theory," in Christianity, Patriarchy and Abuse: A Feminist Critique, ed. Joanne Carlson Brown and Carole R. Bohn (New York: The Pilgrim Press, 1989), 148–173; Carlson Brown and Rebecca Parker, "For God So Loved the World?" in Christianity, Patriarchy and Abuse, 1–30. Cf. Flora A. Keshgegian, "The Scandal of the Cross: Revisiting Anselm and his Feminist Critics," Anglican Theological Review, 82 (2000): 475–92. 4. Weaver, 99–100. 5. Stump, 109. 6. Katherine Sonderegger, "Anselmian Atonement," in T&T Clark Companion to Atonement, ed. Adam J. Johnson (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2017), 175. For positive perspectives on Anselm's atonement theory, see Hans Urs Von Balthasar, The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics. Vol. II, Studies in Theological Style: Clerical Styles, trans. Andrew Louth, Francis McDonagh and Brian McNeil C.R.V., ed. John Riches (San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 2006), 211–259; and David Bentley Hart, "A Gift Exceeding Every Debt: An Eastern Orthodox Appreciation of Anselm's 'Cur Deus Homo,'" Pro Ecclesia 7, no. 3 (1998): 343–344. For Balthasar's perspective on Anselm, see Emery de Gaál Gyulai, "The Rediscovery of Anselm's Appeal to Beauty in Hans Urs Von Balthasar's Theology," in Saint Anselm of Canterbury and his Legacy, ed. Giles E. M. Gasper and Ian Logan (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2012), 318–340; and Glenn W. Olsen, "Hans Urs Von Balthasar and the Rehabilitation of St. Anselm's Doctrine of the Atonement," Scottish Journal of Theology, 34, no. 1 (1981): 49–61. For beauty and "fittingness" as the Cur Deus Homo's structural foundations, see David S. Hogg, Anselm of Canterbury: the Beauty of Theology (Aldershot, Hants, UK: Ashgate, 2004), 89–124; Roberto J. De La Noval, "Anselmian Apocatastasis: The Fitting Necessity of Universal Salvation in St. Anselm's Cur Deus Homo," Scottish Journal of Theology, 71, no. 2 (2018): 142–158. 7. R. W. Southern, The Making of the Middle Ages (London: Pimlico, 1993), 212. 8. Southern, 225. 9. Anselm's authentic prayers and meditations were identified by André Wilmart: Auteurs spirituels et textes dévots du moyen âge latin: études d'histoire littéraire (Paris: Bloud et Gay, 1932), 162–201. See also Benedicta Ward, "Introduction" in The Prayers and Meditations of St. Anselm, with the Proslogion, trans. Benedicta Ward (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin Books...

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