Efficacy of Home-made and Commercial Trapping Baits for the Management of Fruit Flies in Mandarin Orchards

The current study was done to appraise the efficacy of different homemade and commercial baits in fruit fly monitoring and examine the lure that attracts fruit flies in citrus orchards at Syangja, Nepal from Feb to June 2022.The two commercial pheromones used in the experiment were Cue Lure 40 mL and Methyl Eugenol 40 mL and the other five home-based baits were Apple Cider Vinegar, Yeast fermented sugar, Mint lure, Local Brewery Liquor and Banana Lure.Lynfield traps with lures were placed in the orchard.The lures were replaced every 15 days and the traps in 50 days intervals.In this experiment, different species of fruit flies were caught; Z. tau, Z. cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, B. dorsalis complex, B.minax, and few counts of Z. scutellaris and B. zonata.The commercial baits used in this experiment in both trappings were able to attract the highest number of fruit flies; all of which were male.Cue lure showed the best result for Zeugodacus species with the highest trapping (68%) of Zeugodacus males while Methyl eugenol trapped a high percentage for Bactrocera species with Bactrocera dorsalis males (63%).Among the homemade baits, ACV trapping was high (16.1%)for male species of Zeugodacus tau, and PH (yeast lure) for Bactrocera minax male species (59%).Moreover, Banana lure was found effective for Bactrocera dorsalis male and ACV for Bactrocera zonata male and female species.In comparing the males and females of Zeugodacus species, cue lure had the better result for trapping males and methyl eugenol for females of Zeugodacus tau sp.Females of both Zeugodacus and Bactrocera species were less trapped in the lures in comparison. KeywordsCue lure; Fruit fly; Mandarin; Apple cider vinegar Citrus is the identified major horticultural commodity for mid-hill livelihood (Acharya and Adhikari, 2019).Mandarin orange (Suntala), Sweet orange (Junar), Lime (Kagati), and Hill lemon (Nibuwa) are some of the major citrus fruits grown in Nepal (Rai et al., 2022).Mandarin is grown in 62 districts of Nepal widely spreading over the mid-hill region (1000-1500 masl).Syangja is one of the major mandarins producing districts in Nepal with a productive area of 1,225 ha, production of 18,530 mt, and productivity of 15.13 mt/ha (MOALD, 2020/21).The PMAMP project from the Government of Nepal had its coverage under the citrus zone from the fiscal year 2073/74 and upgraded it to a super zone from the fiscal year 2075/76.Mandarin is susceptible to several insect pests and pathogens among which fruit fly infestation has been seen as a major problem causing qualitative and quantitative losses.Fruit flies are insects that belong to the class Insecta, order Diptera, and family Tephritidae.These insects lay eggs in mature fruits and vegetables via sharp ovipositors where they hatch into apodous larvae (maggots).Such immature maggots feed on the pulp and inner fruit parts which become prone to secondary infections and eventually leave them unfit for human consumption.Later on, they jump to the soil for pupation, forming barrel-shaped pupae that release adult forms at the end (Hafsi et al., 2016).These larval forms thus incur a loss in the field as well as postharvest conditions and stand as an economic insect pest of various fruits and vegetables.These insects may have some extent of host specificity, Bactrocera dorsalis mainly attacks Mango and tropical fruits while B. cucurbitae (now Zeugodacus cucurbitae) mainly attacks vegetables like Cucurbits (Bhowmik et al.,

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