Editorial: Update on epidemiology, endocrinology and treatment of cryptorchidism
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Cryptorchidism is the most common birth defect in boys and requires surgical treatment in ca. one percent of boys. Increased risk of fertility problems and testicular cancer are the long-term worries following cryptorchidism. Frontiers of Endocrinology is publishing a series of articles summarizing the current knowledge on this condition and future research needs. We here sum up some of the main messages of the reviews and the original genetic study.Stine Holmboe et al. (1) reviewed the epidemiology of cryptorchidism and its potential risk factors, including endocrine disrupting chemicals. The incidence of cryptorchidism is 1-9% in term boys and cryptorchidism can also develop postnatally due to ascent of the testis. Our knowledge about the multifaceted etiology of congenital cryptorchidism has increased considerably over the last decades.Population studies have shown geographical and ethnic differences in the prevalence of cryptorchidism as well as a temporal increase. Maternal lifestyle, i.e. smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, use of mild analgesics, gestational diabetes, or fetal factors, i.e. intrauterine growth retardation or low birth weight, increase the risk of cryptorchidism.The temporal increase of cryptorchidism prevalence, however, is thought to be related to external factors such as in utero exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from the environment.Evidence for this comes from observational ecological human studies, either performed as indirect exposure estimates from job matrices and geographic data or by longitudinal birth cohort studies measuring prenatal exposure to EDCs in maternal blood or urine, amniotic fluid, cord blood, placenta or breast milk in relation to birth outcome. EDCs comprise a very large number of nonpersistent chemicals, i.e. phthalates, bisphenols, parabens, or persistent chemicals, i.e. dioxins, polychlorinated and polyfluorinated compounds, pesticides, and human exposure is continuous to many of these. Human studies have been corroborated by animal experiments where EDC exposure is strictly controlled for dosage and timing, and which also allow exposure to chemical mixtures relevant for the human scenario.Genetic factors explain a small percentage of observed cases, often in familial cases or in cases related to more complex syndromes. Congenital defects in the Ras/MAPK genes cause RASopathies that underlie several syndromes. These include typical clinical features, one of which is often cryptorchidism. Juchnewitch et al. ( 2) combined data from Estonia, Australia, Canada, and the USA in their original article on RASopathies in undiagnosed infertile men. Cryptorchidism in these men was associated with variants of classical Noonan syndrome genes PTPN11, SOS1, SOS2, or LZTR1.As testis descend physiologically is first accomplished around gestational week 36, premature boys have a higher rate of undescended testes at birth which can spontaneously descend during the postnatal activation of the pituitary-gonadal axis. In addition, cryptorchidism is a risk factor for impaired spermatogenesis and subfertility as well as for testicular cancer in young adulthood.There is scientific evidence that early orchidopexy improves semen quality, whereas the benefit related to cancer risk is less clear. These expert reviews give an excellent insight to etiology, pathology, and treatment of cryptorchidism. It is obvious that much more research is needed to understand the reasons for maldescent and how to prevent germ cell damage and testicular cancer.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,012 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Science ouverte | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,006 | 0,008 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,015 | 0,009 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».