New Insights from an Old Method after History Matching a Newly Designed 1D Cyclic Steam Stimulation Experiment
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Summary A cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) laboratory experiment was conducted with dead heavy oil. Four cycles of steam injection and fluid production were performed, at reservoir pressure, to assist in the numerical modeling and understanding of the main mechanisms involved in the process. This was an important step in developing a base model for a broader project evaluating CSS steam-hybrid experiments with live oil. Experimental data, history matching approach and results, as well as key insights are presented. An experimental setup, originally designed to evaluate CSS hybrid processes, was improved by fitting a sight glass to identify the fluids flowing out of the opposite core end (into a ballast system), during injection cycles. Dead oil was used to facilitate the analysis of this experiment. Relative permeability curves were tuned to history match each cycle sequentially. Injection periods were matched before production ones to estimate the amounts of oil and water displaced to the ballast during injection (unknown, although total liquid volumes in the ballast were recorded continuously), which were later injected back into the core during production periods. A 1D grid represented the core section, while the ballast system was modeled with a production well and an injection well. Experimental data such as temperature profiles, pressures, and rates were honored. A volumetric ratio of 40% water and 60% oil appeared to be the typical composition of the fluid received by the ballast during injection periods, based on simulation results. Fluids reinjected from the ballast back into the core were modeled as an emulsion (i.e., a water-oil mixture). Relative permeability curves were the same for injection and production periods within the same cycle, except for an increased critical water saturation during the last two production periods. One set of relative permeability curves was obtained for each of the four cycles. Although all the cycles of the CSS experiment were history matched successfully using water-oil relative permeability curves, the need to have different curves for each continuous cycle suggests that different flow phenomena were taking place during the CSS test. After reviewing different mechanisms associated with steam injection processes, it appears plausible that injected steam, after condensing to water, partially emulsified with the heavy oil in the core. Insights from this work suggest a need to rethink the traditional way of modeling heavy oil recovery with steam, where water-in-oil emulsion formation typically occurs.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».