On the demographic history of chimpanzees and some consequences of integrating population structure in chimpanzees and other great apes

Abstract Reconstructing the evolutionary history of great apes is of particular importance for our understanding of the demographic history of humans. The reason for this is that modern humans and their hominin ancestors evolved in Africa and thus shared the continent with the ancestors of chimpanzees and gorillas. Common chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) are our closest relatives with bonobos ( Pan paniscus ) and most of what we know about their evolutionary history comes from genetic and genomic studies. Most evolutionary studies of common chimpanzees have assumed that the four currently recognised subspecies can be modelled using simple tree models where each subspecies is panmictic and represented by one branch of the evolutionary tree. However, several studies have identified the existence of significant population structure, both within and between subspecies, with evidence of isolation-by-distance (IBD) patterns. This suggests that demographic models integrating population structure may be necessary to improve our understanding of their evolutionary history. Here we propose to use n -island models within each subspecies to infer a demographic history integrating population structure and changes in connectivity ( i.e. gene flow). For each subspecies, we use SNIF (structured non-stationary inference framework), a method developed to infer a piecewise stationary n -island model using PSMC (pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent) curves as summary statistics. We then propose a general model integrating the four subspecies metapopulations within a phylogenetic tree. We find that this model correctly predicts estimates of within subspecies genetic diversity and differentiation, but overestimates genetic differentiation between subspecies as a consequence of the tree structure. We argue that spatial models integrating gene flow between subspecies should improve the prediction of between subspecies differentiation and IBD patterns. We also use a simple spatially structured model for bonobos and chimpanzees (without admixture) and find that it explains signals of admixture between the two species that have been reported and could thus be spurious. This may have implications for our understanding of the evolutionary history of the Homo genus.

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