Translating Risk Ratios, Baseline Incidence, and Proportions Diseased to Correlations and Chi-Squared Statistics: Simulation Epidemiology
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background In a population, when a disease is causing a symptom, the overall symptom incidence can be determined by proportions diseased, baseline symptom incidence, and risk ratios of developing the symptom due to the disease. There are various measures of association, including risk ratios. How risk ratios are linked to other measures of association, such as correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics, has not been explicitly discussed. This study aims to demonstrate their connection via equations and simulations, assuming one disease causes symptoms. Methods The equations for correlation coefficients and chi-square statistics were rewritten using epidemiological measures: proportions diseased, baseline symptom incidence, and risk ratios. Simulations were conducted to test the accuracy of the equations. The baseline symptom incidence and the proportions diseased were assumed to be 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8. The risk ratios were assumed to be 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, and 25. Another disease that correlates with this disease was created (correlation = 0, 0.3, or 0.7). For each combination of symptom incidence, proportions diseased, risk ratios, and between-disease correlations, 10,000 subjects were simulated. The correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics were approximated with epidemiologic measures and their interaction terms. R-squared was used to assess the importance of the epidemiologic measures. Results In the simulations, the overall symptom incidence, correlation coefficients, and chi-squared statistics between the disease and symptoms could be fully explained by the epidemiologic measures in the equations (R-squared = 1). When approximating correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics with individual measures or their interaction terms, the importance of these measures depended on whether the at-risk incidence reached 1 or not. The numbers in the four cells in the contingency table predicted correlation coefficients, or chi-squared statistics, with different R-squared. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first study to translate the three epidemiologic measures (risk ratios, baseline symptom incidence, and proportions diseased) into correlation coefficients and chi-squared statistics. However, chi-squared statistics also depend on sample sizes. This study also provides a platform for developing teaching cases for students to investigate the causal relationship between diseases and symptoms or exposure and outcomes.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,003 | 0,249 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».