Two Beam RAFA Lens’s Focused Enhancement Of HIFU Medical Treatment
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) effectively treats tumors non-surgically such as cancer, kidney stones, neurological disease [1] and likely other malignancies such as endometriosis by ablation, cavitation and/or beam heating at megahertz (MHz) frequencies between 1 MHz and 15 MHz where the higher frequencies have higher energy used for shallow tissue treatment. The lower frequencies have greater penetration and transfer more power. Unfortunately, not only diseased tissue is treated but healthy tissue suffers collateral damage. Below ∼1 MH no tissue damage occurs. A HIFU problem currently is the treatments cannot be monitored resulting in under or over treatment causing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. The diffuse acoustic confocal imager (DACI) has a Reflective Advance Focused Aperture (RAFA) lens that overcomes these HIFU deficiencies as well as some deficiencies of ultrasound imaging, i.e., its inability to diagnose diseased tissue when found requiring a biopsy. In brief, DACI RAFA diagnostically images three dimensionally diseased tissue using the confocal method of many slices, diagnoses tissue using speed-of-sound (SOS) imaging and can treat the diseased tissue, if found, using a small, high powered probe, the emphasis of this paper. The change in tissue due to treatment can be monitored using DACI’s measurement of SOS [2], necessary to be able discontinue the treatment when finished imaging and treatment modalities. DACI RAFA’s treatment capabilities using COMSOL simulations show enhanced treatment by mixing a 100 kHz (kilohertz) beam with a 300 kHz beam at an overlap distance of 10 cm, the focused probe position for treatment, also used as a virtual source for SOS imaging (Fig. 1). Use of the 100 kHz frequency transfers 10 times more sound power in decibels than 1 MHz. Mixing these two frequencies using the RAFA lens at the focused probe position resonates at 1 MH providing six times (∼6x) more amplitude or thirty-six times (∼36x) more power, (Fig. 2). Together, these two enhancements provide ∼360 times more power within the overlapped focused probe volume simulated to be 65 cm3 (∼4r3, r = 2.5 cm) without any damage to healthy tissue before, afterwards and to the sides. A standard treatment volume of ∼630 cm3 (V = 2π(hxL), h = 10 cm, L = 20 cm) would occur from the use of a single 1 MHz beam. Thus, the use of DACI’s RAFA lens reduces the volume by ∼10 times (650/63) and increases the power by ∼ 360 times, both significant improvements for HIFU treatment of diseased tissue [3]. DACI’s RAFA lens (green cone) reflects and mixes the 100 KHz beam (yellow) and 300 KHz beam (reddish) traveling independent paths to the diseased tissue (green blob) treated at the beam overlap position (red circle) without any healthy tissue being damaged before, after or to the sides. Separation of the beams, h = 10 cm occurs at the reflecting annular mirror and the penetration depth of the acoustic beams [2]. Total path length of the acoustic beams is L ∼20 cm. Scattering back from the focused probe (dash arrows) to the detector enables SOS measurements, tissue diagnosis and HIFU treatment monitoring. a) Simulation of the mixing of the 100 kHz and 300 kHz beams, b) their resonance at 1 MHz increases its acoustic pressure (A) by ∼6 times, i.e., enhanced power (A2) by 36 times, within an overlap volume of 65 cm3 from the resonance radius ∼2.5 cm. See text.
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Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».