Pipe Diameter Is a Dominant Factor in Pipe Failure Risk
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Pipe diameter is a key factor in water main design. Decisions around what diameter to use are generally driven by hydraulic considerations, such as offering sufficient flows and residual pressures during fire suppression usage. Considerations of the relative failure risks of different diameters are rarely taken into account; however, this novel research finding suggests that diameter is a much more significant factor than was previously understood. Previous studies have noted that small diameter mains are responsible for more leaks than transmission mains, and that customer services suffer more leaks than either of the two. These observations have come through the professional observations of experienced engineers and from small scale studies. Other observations have noted potential errors in the theory underpinning the design standards for small diameter pipe. None of these have previously translated to a systematic examination of the relationship between diameter and failure risk. This paper presents a novel finding of an inverse-linear relationship between pipe diameter and failure risk per unit length of pipe. This finding is supported by the largest database of pipe failure records ever compiled, including over 10 million pipe-years of records from nine utilities across North America, Europe, and Asia. These records show a clear and strong negative correlation between diameter and failure risk across all pipe materials. When the inverse of diameter is considered, the relationship with failure risk appears to be linear for many materials. This relationship has two major implications. First and foremost, the fact that small diameter pipes fail as much as 100x as frequently as large diameter mains should be incorporated into risk considerations during pipe design and asset management decisions. Second, it offers a novel and useful normalization: failures per million pipe diameters of length per year. This normalization provides a more robust and consistent measure of failure risk than the industry norms of failures per 1,000 pipes per year or failures per 100 km (or 100 mi) per year. That in turn allows the actual failure risk posed by other factors (in particular pipe material, which often correlates with diameter) to be more clearly demonstrated, exposing some misconceptions about the relative risk of different pipe materials.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».