Sanfilippo, Matteo. Il lungo Ottocento delle migrazioni italiane.

This compact study offers a panoramic and synthetic view of migration as it relates to Italy roughly from the Risorgimento to the First World War.Our minds turn automatically of course to the 15 million migrants who in that period sought to improve their economic prospects, half of them in the Americas and almost another half in Europe.But Matteo Sanfilippo reminds us that this statistic obscures two other important and grossly understudied realities related to this theme: internal migration within the peninsula and immigration to Italy from other lands.He invites us to understand the movement of peoples in its totality, a perspective, he adds, shared by early informed observers of the phenomenon, such as Giorgio Mortara and Leone Carpi , but completely lost sight of in the era of mass migration.These themes are analyzed in three sections: the first deals with the years prior to Unification; the second takes us to the First World War, which closes the "lungo Ottocento" of the title; the third focuses on the consensus reached by knowledgeable turn-of-the-century lay and clerical commentators.While they agreed that migration should not and could not be stopped, they wanted it to be channelled for the good of the nation, defined in terms of its social stability and colonial ambitions in the Mediterranean and in Africa.Population movements are a fact of life in Italian and more generally in human history.Sanfilippo highlights the link between the seasonal ones typical of the early modern period and those of a more permanent nature.These realities are not, he insists, separate and distinct, but interconnected.In the first instance, mountain folk temporarily left their homes for the nearby plains inside the peninsula or beyond it in France, Switzerland, or Austria in order to round out their income.These ongoing migrations provided the roadmaps for more permanent and more distant transferrals within Europe and all the way to the Americas in the years to come.Merchants, mercenaries, missionaries, and artists at times led the way or simply accompanied migrants to new destinations.In the era of industrialization, such movements grew exponentially.At the same time, metropolises such as Rome, Naples, Palermo, Genoa, and Venice attracted migrants not only from the countryside or the Alps and the Apennines but also from other European, usually neighbouring, states.The process of migration is therefore not static or unidirectional, but complex and very dynamic.

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