COVID-19 Testing Equity in New York City During the First 2 Years of the Pandemic: Demographic Analysis of Free Testing Data
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: COVID-19 has caused over 46,000 deaths in New York City, with a disproportional impact on certain communities. As part of the COVID-19 response, the city has directly administered over 6 million COVID-19 tests (in addition to millions of indirectly administered tests not covered in this analysis) at no cost to individuals, resulting in nearly half a million positive results. Given that the prevalence of testing, throughout the pandemic, has tended to be higher in more affluent areas, these tests were targeted to areas with fewer resources. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of New York City's COVID-19 testing program; specifically, we aimed to review its ability to provide equitable testing in economically, geographically, and demographically diverse populations. Of note, in addition to the brick-and-mortar testing sites evaluated herein, this program conducted 2.1 million tests through mobile units to further address testing inequity. Methods: Testing data were collected from the in-house Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio 18 Clarity database, representing 6,347,533 total tests and 449,721 positive test results. These tests were conducted at 48 hospital system locations. Per capita testing rates by zip code tabulation area (ZCTA) and COVID-19 positivity rates by ZCTA were used as dependent variables in separate regressions. Median income, median age, the percentage of English-speaking individuals, and the percentage of people of color were used as independent demographic variables to analyze testing patterns across several intersecting identities. Negative binomial regressions were run in a Jupyter Notebook using Python. Results: Per capita testing inversely correlated with median income geographically. The overall pseudo r2 value was 0.1101 when comparing hospital system tests by ZCTA against the selected variables. The number of tests significantly increased as median income fell (SE 1.00000155; P<.001). No other variables correlated at a significant level with the number of tests (all P values were >.05). When considering positive test results by ZCTA, the number of positive test results also significantly increased as median income fell (SE 1.57e-6; P<.001) and as the percentage of female residents fell (SE 0.957; P=.001). The number of positive test results by ZCTA rose at a significant level alongside the percentage of English-only speakers (SE 0.271; P=.03). Conclusions: New York City's COVID-19 testing program was able to improve equity through the provision of no-cost testing, which focused on areas of the city that were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 and had fewer resources. By detecting higher numbers of positive test results in resource-poor neighborhoods, New York City was able to deploy additional resources, such as those for contact tracing and isolation and quarantine support (eg, free food delivery and free hotel stays), early during the COVID-19 pandemic. Equitable deployment of testing is feasible and should be considered early in future epidemics or pandemics.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,004 | 0,011 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».