Disparities in the Prevalence of Urinary Diseases Among Prisoners in Taiwan: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: Prisoner health is a major global concern, with prisoners often facing limited access to health care and enduring chronic diseases, infectious diseases, and poor mental health due to unsafe prison environments, unhygienic living conditions, and inadequate medical resources. In Taiwan, prison health is increasingly an issue, particularly concerning urinary diseases such as urinary tract infections. Limited access to health care and unsanitary conditions exacerbate these problems. Urinary disease epidemiology varies by sex and age, yet studies in Asia are scarce, and comprehensive data on urinary diseases in Taiwanese prisons remain limited. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of urinary diseases among Taiwanese prisoners and explore the differences in disease prevalence between men and women, as well as across different age groups. Methods: This study used data on prisoners from the National Health Insurance Research Database covering the period from January 1 to December 31, 2013. Prisoners covered by National Health Insurance who were diagnosed with urinary diseases, identified by ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) codes 580-599 based on their medical records, and had more than one medical visit to ambulatory care or inpatient services were included. Sex- and age-stratified analyses were conducted to determine the differences in the prevalence of urinary diseases. Results: We examined 83,048 prisoners, including 2998 with urinary diseases. The overall prevalence of urinary system diseases among prisoners was 3.61% (n=2998; n=574, 6.64% in men and n=2424, 3.26% in women). The prevalence rate in men was significantly lower than that in women (prevalence ratio: 0.46, P<.001). In age-stratified analysis, the prevalence rate among prisoners aged >40 years was 4.5% (n=1815), compared to 2.77% (n=1183) in prisoners aged ≤40 years. Prisoners aged >40 years had a higher prevalence (prevalence ratio: 1.69, P<.001). Other disorders of the urethra and urinary tract (ICD-9-CM: 599), including urinary tract infection, urinary obstruction, and hematuria, were the most prevalent diseases of the urethra and urinary tract across age and sex groups. Women and older prisoners had a higher prevalence of most urinary tract diseases. There were no significant sex-specific differences in adjusted prevalence ratios for acute glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, kidney infections, urethritis (nonsexually transmitted), or urethral syndrome. However, based on the age-specific adjusted prevalence ratio analysis, cystitis was more prevalent among younger prisoners (prevalence ratio: 0.69, P=.004). Conclusions: Urinary system infections and inflammation are common in prisons. Our findings advocate for policy reforms aimed at improving health care accessibility in prisons, with a particular focus on the needs of high-risk groups such as women and older prisoners. Further research linking claims data with prisoner information is crucial to providing more comprehensive medical services and achieving health equity.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».