International migration and the formation of the Albanian diaspora: From the collapse of the communist regime to the European migrant crisis
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The article examines the role of migration in the formation of the national diaspora outside the traditional area of residence of the Albanian ethnos. The authors conducted a content analysis of documents of international organizations that monitor and regulate population migration, the European Union, as well as Albanian plans for the development of the diaspora. Two periods of Albanian migration were identified: within the first period, which lasted until the fall of the communist regime in the early 1990s, an “old” diaspora was formed in Europe based on the population of Albania proper; the second period, which continues to the present, is characterized by the formation of a “new” diaspora of Albanians – immigrants from Kosovo, Montenegro and Macedonia. In the 1990s, the migration of Albanians was predominantly spontaneous. In the 2000s, as a result of the liberalization of the visa regime with the EU countries, migration from Albania gradually became more organized and in line with European requirements: one of the results of this was the increase in the scale of return migration of Albanians. In the 2010s and early 2020s, there was an increase in the power of migration flows from Asian countries to the European Union, which led to a migrant crisis – Albania has become a country of transit non-Albanian migration for the first time. The geographical structure of migration from Albania over the past 30 years has undergone a significant transformation due to a change in the priorities of the Albanians, who choose for their resettlement not territorially close (Greece and Italy), but economically more developed (USA; Canada; Belgium; UK – especially after Brexit; Germany – the main destination of migration flows from Albania at the moment) countries. This trend has become especially noticeable since the mid-2000s, which is explained by the growing share of migrants with higher education leaving the country legally. The leadership of Albania uses the influential diaspora in negotiations with Brussels regarding the country’s accession to the EU and remittances from Albanian migrants form – according to various estimates – up to 25% of its GDP. The final part of the article draws conclusions that without the help of Albania the diaspora can gradually dissolve in the accepting society, while the state, without taking steps to strengthen ties with the diaspora, will lose the assistance of millions of compatriots, many of whom have unique knowledge, financial and technological capabilities.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».