Editorial: Cytochromes P450, their modulators and metabolites in cardiovascular function and disease

The review by Jiang et al. discusses the cardioprotective mechanisms of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs), and epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs), which are CYP epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), respectively. Research from various laboratories suggests that these metabolites are endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factors (EDHF) involved in blood vessel vasodilation and renal tubular salt reabsorption via actions on potassium, calcium, and sodium channels. Their proposed mechanisms of action include direct binding to ion channels and indirect modulation of ion channels via G-protein and protein kinase pathways. Therefore, EET mimetics and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors, which block epoxide hydrolysis of endogenous EETs, show significant blood pressure lowering effects in various hypertensive animal models. Other notable protective effects of EETs in CVD models include: 1) pro-angiogenesis and anti-apoptosis in myocardial infarction (MI) models, 2) antiinflammation in atherosclerosis models, and 3) anti-oxidant effects and modulation of calcium homeostasis in heart failure models. The review also covers non-hydrolase functions of sEH in CVD, an often overlooked activity, as well as cell type-specific mechanisms of EETs and sEH inhibitors.In the article by Baranowska et al., the combination of low-dose (10mg/kg/day) of an orally-active, stable EET mimetic (EET-A) and a low dose (10mg/kg/day) of AAA, a 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) antagonist, was shown to provide superior blood pressure lowering effect than a higher dose (40 mg/kg/day) of EET-A alone in a spontaneously hypertensive rat model. 20-HETE is produced by the metabolism of arachidonic acid by the CYP4A and F subfamilies and is a vasoconstrictor in various vascular beds that contributes to the development of hypertension in SHR. These results indicate a prominent role for the 20-HETE/CYP4 pathway in the vascular dysfunction in this model and suggest a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hypertension, which warrants additional investigation.Helal et al. assessed the effects of individual (R/S)-enantiomers of 11-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (11-HETE) on CYP1B1 activity and cellular hypertrophy in RL-14 cardiomyocyte cells. 11-HETE is an arachidonic acid metabolite produced by CYPs, cyclooxygenase (COX 1/2) enzymes, and non-enzymatic oxidative processes. Both enantiomers increased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy but only the 11(S)enantiomer increased CYP1B1 activity. Interestingly, the 11-(S)-enantiomer increased the mRNA and protein expression of both cardioprotective CYP2J and pro-inflammatory 20-HETE producing CYP4F2, while the 11(R)-enantiomer did not increase CYP2J levels. These results are consistent with previous work by the El-Kadi group on the differential effects of HETE enantiomers on CYP expression and activity that suggest the existence of distinct binding sites/receptors for each enantiomer. Other potential implications include: 1) a positive fed-back loop in the 11-HETE/CYP1B1 axis could exacerbate cardiac hypertrophy, 2) secondary metabolism of eicosanoids by 11-HETE induced CYPs might be relevant in cardiac hypertrophy, and 3) CYP expression and activity may encompass an equilibrium between antiand pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, which potentially become skewed during oxidative stress or in diseased states. Strategies to restore the normal equilibrium between these isoforms might provide safer, more effective treatments for CVD.Finally, using a multidisciplinary approach, Chu et al. elucidated the antihypertensive mechanism of action of tetrandrine, a bioactive alkaloid component of Stephania tetrandra S Moore root (Fang Ji), a traditional Chinese medicine used for decades for its diuretic and antihypertensive actions. They also demonstrated that chronic administration of tetrandrine (30 and 60 mg/Kg/day) to SHR was as effective as spironolactone (20 mg/Kg/day) in increasing sodium excretion and lowering blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This work identifies tetrandrine as a diuretic that covalently binds to CYP11A1 in an unconventional way to inhibit aldosterone biosynthesis. The proposed mechanism should help researchers/clinicians understand its pharmacological effects and to explore future therapeutic applications, particularly for heart failure. Future work should investigate the inhibition of other CYPs by tetrandrine.In summary, the articles in this RT contribute to our understanding of the roles of CYPs, their metabolites and modulators in CVD. The discoveries from these outstanding laboratories contained in this RT will stimulate further research on these topics and spawn additional innovative ideas and therapies to improve cardiovascular health.

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