Meal patterns and risk of childhood obesity and metabolically unhealthy obesity: a systematic review of the evidence, methodological issues and research gaps
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Childhood overweight/obesity (Ov/Ob) is a major public health problem, of greater concern when accompanied with comorbidities such as hypertension, insulin resistance leading to metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). Current evidence suggests a linkage between meal frequency, diet quality and nutritional status(1–3) in children and adolescents, however data regarding associations between meal patterns, Ov/Ob risk and MUO are limited. The aim was to explore associations between meal patterns and the risk of childhood Ov/Ob and MUO. The PRISMA methodology was used to retrieve prospective studies and randomized controlled trials conducted in children/adolescents 2-19 years old in Europe, USA, Canada or Oceania, from 01/2013 to 06/2023. Exposures that were considered under the umbrella “meal patterns” included consumption of a meal, meal skipping, timing, format and context. The quality of the studies was assessed with the ROBINS-E and RoB-2 tools. Of the 3,020 studies initially retrieved, 27 were included. All studies reported on Ov/Ob risk, whilst no studies on MUO were identified. All but one study had a longitudinal study design. Twenty-two studies (81%) had a high/very high risk of bias, mainly due to the methods measures of exposure were assessed. Consumption of/skipping breakfast was the most common exposure, followed by consumption of lunch (n = 5), dinner (n = 5), meal frequency/eating occasion (EO; n = 5) and consumption of fast foods (n = 4). Some studies reported on meal context (eating while watching TV; n = 4). In most studies, frequent breakfast and evening family dinners (i.e. 7 days/week vs <7days/week) were associated with lower odds of childhood Ov/Ob, BMI and %body fat at followup (FU). Four studies also showed that skipping breakfast was associated with increased obesity markers, while three studies showed no associations. There was limited evidence of a positive association between eating while watching TV and weight trajectories (n = 2). No associations were reported in relation to frequency of lunch and fast food intake. Results regarding meal frequency/EO and Ov/Ob at FU are conflicting, with differences attributed to the definition of an EO. Evidence supports that frequent consumption of breakfast and family dinners may be associated with lower Ov/Ob risk in children and adolescents, while eating in front of TV with increasing weight trajectories. No studies were identified in relation to MUO, highlighting a significant research gap. Nevertheless, clear definition on EOs and improved methodological approach in the assessment of meal patterns emerged as a need, according to current review findings.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,014 | 0,049 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,009 | 0,010 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,012 | 0,013 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».