Policies, law enforcement and sustainable use of nautilus shells in Indonesia and the effect of the 2017 CITES Appendix II listing on their trade
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The trade in wildlife and development often clashes with biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of natural resources; three of the Sustainable Development Goals specifically recognise the need to focus on assessing the sustainability of fisheries and wildlife trade and reducing its illegal or illicit aspects. We here focus on the chambered nautilus ( Nautilus pompilus ) in Indonesia as a model to explore interactions among society, development, trade regulations, and implications for sustainable development. Despite the species having been protected in Indonesia since 1987, the country was one of the largest suppliers of nautilus shells internationally with 10,000s shells being exported. Domestic trade likewise was not permitted but nautilus shells were commonly and openly offered for sale especially in tourism hotspots. In 2017 all international trade in the species became regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). We conducted surveys of shops selling whole nautilus shells before (2013–2014) and after (2018–2024) the CITES listing to quantify any changes; we quantified international trade and report on successful prosecutions of nautilus traders. We establish that the island of Bali is the centre for Indonesia’s nautilus shell trade, including its export. Indonesia did not report the export of any nautilus shells post-CITES, reports of substantial imports of nautilus shells into the USA over this period, all from exporters based in Bali, is evidence of ongoing international trade. We recorded 1055 chambered nautilus shells openly offered for sale in Bali, i.e., 363 before and 692 after the CITES listing. The mean number of shells recorded per survey did not change (before 36.4 ± 14.0 shells/survey, after 27.3 ± 13.5 shells/survey), nor did the number of shops offering shells (3.9 ± 0.7 vs 3.4 ± 0.8 shops/survey). Asking prices (US$32 ± 4) increased somewhat following the CITES listing and more shells were on offer with increasing foreign tourist numbers. The number of successful prosecutions for people trading did not change following the 2017 CITES listing; the mean sentence was 6.6 ± 1.7 months imprisonment and a US$149 ± 52 fine (or an additional 2.0 ± 0.3 months imprisonment). We conclude that the 2017 CITES Appendix II listing of chambered nautilus has had no noticeable effect on their domestic trade. We further surmise that Indonesia is not meeting parts of its Sustainable Development Goals in terms of curbing illegal wildlife trade and stopping the illicit flow of money, and by not doing so, hampers biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».