A Parametric Study of Mathematical Model for Long-Term Localized Corrosion of Copper in Canadian Deep Geological Repository
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The concept of Adaptive Phased Management, approved by Canadian federal authorities and implemented by the Nuclear Waste Management Organization, forms a comprehensive strategy for the long-term safe management of used nuclear fuel in Canada.1 The used nuclear fuel will ultimately be placed within a container in a deep geological repository (DGR). Current container designs employ steel vessels with a protective copper outer layer, strategically selected to reduce corrosion damage. The copper-coated container may be subjected to various corrosion mechanisms over time as the DGR environment evolves. Specific to this work and in the early aerated environment of the DGR, efflorescing salt impurities present on the container surface may lead to the formation of an Evan’s droplet. To understand the behavior of the copper-coated container with respect to localized corrosion and ensure the effectiveness of this protection strategy, a preliminary two-dimensional axisymmetric time-dependent model for the corrosion of copper under an Evans droplet was developed.2, 3 The mathematical model was developed using the finite-element method (COMSOL Multiphysics). Some unique features of the model are inclusion of six heterogeneous and fifteen homogeneous reactions, implicit calculation of nm-scale films, and treatment of the influence of films on surface concentrations and potentials. The model shows the time-dependent localized corrosion rates and depths, calculated for an elapsed time of ten years. It also shows time-dependent radial distributions for current density and surface coverage of films. The influence of oxygen conditions and temperature was included, and the model accounted for the influence of films on reaction rate constants. Preliminary results show that the corrosion of copper in the Evan’s droplet is almost uniform on the electrode surface. Temperature and oxygen concentration was shown to have a strong contribution to copper corrosion. The current version of the mechanical model has many parameters. Some parameters are obtained from PHREEQC thermodynamic software,4 some are selected to yield good results, and some are defined using expert judgement from the literature.While the number of parameters is very large, the impact of each parameter is constrained by the model. A parametric study is necessary to identify reasonable ranges of values and explore different conditions that may lead to localized corrosion of copper. For example, to switch the mechanism from kinetic control to mass-transfer control, the overall rate constants were increased by different orders of magnitude. The influence of both oxide film and salt film on rate constants reduction were also studied. Combining both the blocking effect of films on the copper surface and the control mechanism shift, simulations were completed to study the parameter space. The present work shows that the corrosion rate increased as rate constants were increased, and currents became limited by mass transport of oxygen. References NWMO, “Choosing a Way Forward. The Future Management of Canada’s Used Nuclear Fuel. Final Study,” Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Toronto, Ontario, 2005. C. You, S. Briggs, and M. E. Orazem, “Model Development Methodology for Localized Corrosion of Copper,” Corrosion Science, 222 (2023), 111388. C. You, Y. Chuai, S. Briggs, and M. E. Orazem, “Model for Corrosion of Copper in a Nuclear Waste Repository,” Corrosion Science, 226 (2023), 111658. PHREEQC Version 3, United States Geological Survey, 202, https://www.usgs.gov/software/phreeqc-version-3. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Nuclear Waste Management Organization, Canada, under project 2000904.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».