Adaptations to intermittent fasting in large sea caged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); effects on feeding, energy homeostasis, and growth
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Feeding fish in excess is a common practice in the farming of Atlantic salmon to maximise fish growth and profitability. Since feed accounts for a large percentage of a farmer's operational expenses, periodic reduction of feed utilization that still enable to maintain production performance in the long run is a possible strategy to mitigate farmers economic costs and reduce feed waste. In this study we investigated how large (>3.3 kg) sea caged Atlantic salmon adapt to feeding being restricted from daily to every third day in an intermittent fasting regime for 6 weeks, followed by a 5-week refeeding period before harvest in June. Fish in control cages were fed daily, except for three days to compare feed intake with the intermittently fasted fish at the end of their fasting period. Both groups were fed based on visual observations and assessments using monitoring cameras. Fish growth, feed intake, gastrointestinal fullness, and endocrine signalling related to energy homeostasis and appetite regulation were analyzed. Salmon fed to satiation every third day gradually increased their feed intake over the first four weeks of intermittent fasting and showed a 3-fold increase in stomach content after feeding when analyzed at 3 and 6 weeks of intermittent fasting. Growth rate in intermittently fasted fish was reduced by ∼50 % and feed conversion ratio increased by ∼130 % compared to the control group. This was accompanied by a decrease in HSI and plasma levels of Ghrl as indicators of energy imbalance and an increase in hypothalamic mRNA expression of agrp1 , a neuropeptide likely involved in glucose sensing and acting as feeding stimulant. At the end of the 6-week intermittent fasting regime, the fish had elevated levels of plasma cholesterol, glucose, and lactate, suggesting reallocation of energy sources and metabolism. The metabolic adjustments did not appear to be detrimental to the fish during the intermittent fasting regime applied in this study, as they continued to grow, albeit at lower rate than fully fed fish. Further, after returning to daily feeding regime, the intermittent fasted fish showed a tendency toward compensatory growth and differences in the endocrine signals related to appetite regulation and energy homeostasis were abolished. The present results provide novel insights into the physiological mechanisms occurring during intermittent fasting in Atlantic salmon and demonstrate a feeding regime that can be applied during periods of limited food availability, or when farmers aim to achieve strategic growth targets in commercial production. • 6 weeks of intermittent fasting reduced growth and K-factor in Atlantic salmon. • When fed, fish exhibited hyperphagia and a 3-fold increase in stomach content. • Feed restriction rearranged fish appetite and energy homeostasis endocrine signalling. • Full refeeding resulted in comparable growth, appetite, and endocrine signals to control fish.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».