Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell.): Provenance authentication to support first nations enterprises, regulators, and consumers
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Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell., commonly known as Kakadu plum, is a native fruit that holds cultural and economic significance for Australian Indigenous people. This wild-harvested fruit, owing to its remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties, has seen a rapid rise in demand from a farmgate value of just over $200,000 in 2012, $1.6 million in 2019 and is predicted to attain a farmgate value of up to $3.5 million Australian dollars by 2025. To secure the Kakadu plum industry from fraudulent activities, it is crucial to develop reliable methods to verify the origin of fruit products. This research aims to determine multi-elemental fingerprints of authentic Kakadu plum samples harvested in northern Australia and build a statistical model to authenticate their geographic origin. Kakadu plum fruit from 21 regions across the Kimberley region of Western Australia and Northern Territory ( n = 443) were analysed for 30 mineral elements (Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Nd, Hf, Pb, Bi, and U) using Itrax micro X-ray fluorescence. A Kakadu plum reference database was then created for storing the analytical data and providing access for statistical analyses. The elemental fingerprint of these reference samples were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest (RF) was employed to develop a pattern recognition classification model that predicts the origin of each sample. PCA results showed that this technique is not suitable for geographic origin authentication, as there was a significant overlap in plum samples and there were no well-defined groups of Kakadu plum fruit for each location. Despite similarities in elemental fingerprints of plums between neighbouring geographic locations, the application of RF as a method for reliably classifying the geographical origin of samples is demonstrated. An overall accuracy of approximately 82% is achieved, and the model revealed that the soil-derived elements Rb, Cu, Cr, and Mn, are the most important origin markers for effectively differentiating Kakadu plums between the 21 locations. This is the first research focussed on using elemental fingerprinting to authenticate the geographic origins of Kakadu plum harvest sites and is a significant step towards supporting Aboriginal community-based enterprises to protect this cultural resource across Northern Australia and safeguard both producers and consumers against fraud. • Multi-elemental fingerprinting reliably determined using Itrax μXRF core scanning. • Database developed using genuine Kakadu plums from 21 known harvest locations. • Origin verification with >80% accuracy achieved using a new random forest model. • Soil imparts unique elemental fingerprint to the fruit for provenance verification. • Adopting this robust technique supports sustainable growth within the industry.
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Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle