Relationship between temperature and relative humidity with CO2 and CH4 concentration and ectoparasite abundance in blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nests
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The presence of nestlings influences the microclimate inside avian nesting cavities. We explored the relationship between temperature and relative humidity and the abundance of ectoparasites and gas concentrations in blue tit nest boxes during the nestling period by comparing two years with differing climatic conditions. In the second year, we also manipulated the temperature and humidity inside the nest boxes. The average temperature in nest boxes was colder during 2016 than 2017; in the latter, even warmer conditions were attained due to the experimental manipulation of temperature. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration in the forest air was slightly lower in 2016 than 2017. However, in both years, the CO 2 concentration of nest box air was higher than that of forest air, with 2017 showing a greater difference. Differences in brood size, larger in 2016, did not explain the difference in CO 2 concentration. However, CO 2 concentration was higher in nestboxes in the warmer year implying that at higher temperatures, organic matter decomposition likely accelerates, releasing more CO 2 into the atmosphere. By contrast, CH 4 concentration in nest-box air, which was similar in both years, was lower than that in forest air, particularly in the wettest and coldest year. Different relationships were found between the abundance of different ectoparasites and the temperature, relative humidity, and gas concentration measured at different days of nestling age. For example, a positive association is observed between flea larval abundance and temperature at nestling day 8, but a negative one is observed for mites under the same microclimate conditions. Moreover, a negative relationship was observed between the abundance of mites, midges, and blackflies and CH 4 concentration at different nestling ages. These results suggest that changes in climatic conditions can also affect the concentrations of CH 4 and CO 2 inside and outside nest boxes, which in turn differentially affect ectoparasite abundance. • CO 2 concentration was higher inside nest boxes in the warmer year of the study. • CH 4 concentration inside nest-box air was lower than that in forest air, particularly in the wettest and coldest year. • CH 4 concentrations in forest are related to higher temperature and humidity. • The abundance of ectoparasites were associated to the microclimate inside nests measured at different nestling ages. • Presence and activity of ectoparasites are affected by microclimate conditions and gases concentrations within nests.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».