Comparison Between the Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Liver Diseases and Vice Versa Among Saudi and Egyptian Patients
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: The risk of dying from chronic liver diseases (CLDs) is two to three times higher for patients with diabetes (DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the primary cause of this increased risk, which has an etiology unrelated to alcohol or viruses. Previous research reported that diabetes and CLD are related, since they influence each other. Aim: Estimation of the impact of diabetes (DM) on liver diseases (LD), and of the impact of liver diseases on DM among Egyptian and Saudi patients. It is a descriptive and prospective analytical study design. The investigation was carried out in Saudi Arabia and Egypt at gastroenterology outpatient clinics. Methods: Prospective data were collected through face-to-face patient interviews during clinic visits between June 2021 and June 2023. The interviews covered the patients’ basic characteristics and information on DM and LD. Certain laboratory tests were conducted on these patients, such as liver function, glucose level, lipid profile, INR, and prothrombin time. Results: The total of 2748 participants in this study included 1242 diabetic patients of both genders from Saudi Arabia and 1506 from Egypt. Most Saudis had between 10 and 20 years’ duration of DM (35.5%), with HbA1c (7–10%) values of 47.8%, while the Egyptian patients had >20 years’ duration of DM (39.8%), with HbA1c (7–10%) values of 49.8%. Regarding the impact of DM on the development of liver diseases, about 35.5% (Saudis) vs. 23.5% (Egyptians) had liver diseases due to DM, a significant difference (p-value = 0.011). Liver enzymes were increased in many of the Egyptian and Saudi patients (41.4% vs. 33%), while the presence of fatty liver (28.2% vs. 35.7%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (13.7% vs. 6.1%) were also significantly different (p-value = 0.047). While the impact of liver diseases on DM was observed more among Egyptian (59%) than among Saudi (46.4%) patients because of liver cirrhosis (HCV or HBV), known to be a reason for diabetes in Egyptians (27.9%) vs. Saudis (8.0%), a higher incidence of fatty liver leading to DM was observed in Saudis than in Egyptians (15.9% vs. 11.6%) (p-value = 0.000. Obesity was more prevalent among Saudi patients (63.8%) than among Egyptian patients (48.6%) (p-value = 0.019). Fewer Egyptians (about 65%) suffered from dyslipidemia than Saudis (about 80%). Higher INR and longer prothrombin times were observed in Egyptians (29.9% and 29.1%, respectively) than in Saudis (20.3% and 18.8%, respectively), with a significant difference between the two nations (p-value < 0.050). Conclusions: We may conclude that diabetes in most patients has a negative impact on the development of liver diseases (particularly fatty liver in Saudi patients). In addition, most liver diseases (liver cirrhosis) have a negative influence on the development of DM (more so in Egyptian patients). There is a link between DM and liver disease. In particular, liver cirrhosis and diabetes were found to influence each other. Therefore, correct medication, adherence to treatment, lifestyle modifications, successful cirrhosis control (in patients with liver diseases), and diabetic control (in diabetic patients) could lead to effective management of both diseases. The negative fallouts in the two cases were prompted by obesity, morbid eating, and poor quality of life.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».