The Success Story of Acid Gas Injection (AGI) in WCSB
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Deep zone disposal of acid gas (H2S + CO2) into saline aquifers and depleted gas/oil reservoirs has been successfully practiced in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) over the past three decades. The WCSB is uniquely positioned in Canada as it offers striking resources for hydrocarbon production, albeit some being sour, as well as attractive candidates for H 2 S and CO 2 disposal. Nevertheless, acid gas injection (AGI) schemes in the WCSB still face technical and administrative challenges. First and foremost, the identification of suitable storage sites which pass the source–sink hub criteria has not been fully developed. Then, a list of required tests and data for the assessment of reservoir injectivity has to be formulated. Finally, the application and approval mechanisms are somewhat complicated and onerous. The number of applications required varies with the starting point for the proposed AGI scheme. In the situation where the applicant/proponent does not own the mineral rights in the target zone, the applicant will have to either obtain authorization or consent from the Crown or permission from the mineral rights holder on the active agreement, either the freehold mineral owner or the lessee. From there, the applications can be broken down into four categories: well/facilities, reservoir management, wellbore integrity, and emergency planning and risk management. Comprehensive and thorough engineering assessment is required for each category. Generally, the reservoir management application informs the regulator of the details of the proposed AGI, justification for the scheme, suitability of the zone, and ability of the bounding formations to contain the disposal volumes in the zone intended and is fundamental in the process. This paper's aim is to present a best practice workflow, which is a collective understanding of over 30 years of applications/operations in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan, for identification and approval of AGI scheme operations. In addition to the requirements defined by AB, BC, and SK governments, a four-stage screening and two-level ranking tool has been developed, which enables operators to identify top candidates for AGI operation. For maximum wellhead injection pressure (MWHIP), storage potential, and injectivity assessment, the workflow couples compositional reservoir modeling with compositional wellbore modeling to identify the state of the AG at sandface, the size of AG plume, the reservoir pressure as well as the volume of disposed and stored AG over the life of the project. Specific guidelines for wellbore design are also provided. Due to increasing concerns over emissions that are generated by all sectors of industry, governments at all levels are seeking solutions to the permanent disposal of those volumes. H 2 S and CO 2 are the most abundant compounds in the emissions and are being targeted for large-scale projects to permanently be disposed or sequestered in safe zones. CO 2 sequestration is basically AGI without the H 2 S. The decades of experience with AGI that industry and the regulators have in the WCSB place the WCSB in the forefront of developing successful CO sequestration projects that are safe, permanent, and environmentally prudent. The 2 overall workflow will require operators to comply with government requirements, minimize the risk of AGI operation, and maximize the economic return by the selection of top disposal formation candidates.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,005 | 0,010 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,008 | 0,009 |
| Communication savante | 0,013 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,005 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,006 | 0,007 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,001 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».