Sex differences in the regulation and function of cellular immunity in <i>Drosophila</i>
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Sex differences in development and physiology are prevalent in animals. One physiological system with pronounced differences between the sexes is the immune system: the immune response in humans differs between sexes and results in differential susceptibility of males and females to autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and infectious diseases. However, much remains to be discovered about the mechanisms underlying these sex-based differences in immunity. Here, we use the Drosophila hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland, as a model to investigate sex differences in cellular immunity and determine the underlying mechanisms. We find that, in line with their smaller body size, males have smaller lymph glands than females that contain fewer blood progenitors and produce less immune cells. Single cell RNA-seq analysis of the lymph gland showed that they expressed that sex determination genes and identified substantial sex-specific differences in gene expression. By manipulating the sexual identity of different cell types in the lymph gland we show that a subset of these sex differences are controlled by organ-intrinsic mechanisms involving the hematopoietic niche. Importantly, we find a differential response between males and females to changes in insulin signaling, an important regulator of the immune response in the niche. Finally, we provide evidence for differences in the cellular immune response following infection between males and females. Overall, our results provide mechanistic insight into how sex differences in immunity are established. Author’s Summary Our paper deals with a fundamental question in biology, how does the sex of an organism influence its anatomy and physiology. In particular, we focus on sex-differences in immunity and stem cell function. We establish the Drosophila larva as a model for analysing sex-based differences in cellular immunity. Cellular immunity in Drosophila is based on the production of multiple types of mature immune cells from blood progenitors and takes place in the fly hematopoietic organ, the larval lymph gland. We find that sex controls the number of various cell types in the lymph gland (progenitors, and specific varieties of mature blood cells). These sex-differences vary by cell type and change depending on whether flies are raised under homeostatic or infection conditions. We provide insight into the mechanisms that mediate these sex differences, identifying a possible role for the hematopoietic niche and insulin signaling. Taken together our work not only serves as an initial characterization of baseline sex-differences in fly hematopoiesis and cellular immunity but also identifies important areas for future exploration.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».