What is the role of machine learning when we want to simulate hydrological processes?

It has now been almost five years since Grey Nearing and his colleagues published their provocative commentary “What Role Does Hydrological Science Play in the Age of Machine Learning?”. Nearing et al. reviewed experiments that use deep learning to simulate time series of streamflow, emphasizing results that show there is substantially more information in large‐domain hydrological data sets than hydrologists have been able to translate into theory or models. In their commentary, Nearing et al. encouraged the hydrology community “to focus on developing a quantitative understanding of where and when hydrological process understanding is valuable in a modeling discipline [that is] increasingly dominated by machine learning.”This presentation will summarize advances in process-based hydrological modeling in our research group in the five years since Nearing et al. published their controversial commentary. To bridge the gap between process-based modeling and machine learning, we depart from the focus of Nearing et al. where machine learning has a central role in the modeling ecosystem – instead, we ask how machine learning can enable and accelerate the development of process-based hydrological models. We will emphasize the components of the model ecosystem where we use machine learning and artificial intelligence, and the ecosystem components where we do not. We will discuss our advances in generating ensemble spatial meteorological fields, the numerical implementation of process-based models, process-based parameter estimation, multi-model combinations, and reproducible and transparent workflows. We will demonstrate tangible progress in closing the gap between the predictive performance of (hybrid) process-based models and pure machine learning algorithms for hydrological predictions across large geographical domains. We also demonstrate prototype workflows that use artificial intelligence to support the hydrological modelling exercise from A-Z, including the configuration, running, optimisation and interpretation of complex process-based models. We consider the community value and dangers of using AI to assist in different aspects of the process of scientific discovery.We will end the presentation by returning to the question posed by Nearing et al. – What Role Does Hydrological Science Play in the Age of Machine Learning? We will argue that the appropriate use of machine learning and artificial intelligence is beginning to enable the development of process-based models that effectively use the information in large-domain hydrological datasets, while maintaining the interpretability and transparency of physically grounded simulations. We will suggest a path forward for the discipline where machine learning and artificial intelligence are essential to develop the next generation of hydrological prediction systems.

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