The Role of Littoral Vegetation and Open Water Greenhouse Gas Fluxes on the Carbon Budget of Urban Stormwater Ponds
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Stormwater ponds (SWPs) are a common stormwater management technology in new urban developments and have been suggested to be significant sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). However, they also sequester organic carbon and reduce the surface runoff of nutrients, hence, altering nutrient limitation patterns, trophic conditions, and GHG exchanges. Although numerous studies have focused on estimating open water GHG emissions in artificial ponds, there are limited studies that evaluate net carbon budgets of urban SWP systems comprehensively. In this study, we assessed the relative contributions of the littoral vegetation and open water GHG fluxes to the carbon budgets in two SWPs located in the City of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured in the forebay and main basin of two SWPs draining catchments with two different catchment land use (residential versus industrial). Using vegetation and floating chambers, CO2 and CH4 fluxes were measured bi-weekly across all seasons, capturing Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Ecosystem Respiration (ER), and Gross Ecosystem Production (GEP) from both bank and submerged vegetation, plus the diffusive and ebullitive fluxes from the open water surface. Additionally, key parameters, including photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), air and soil temperature, water pH, conductivity, and dissolved gas concentrations, were also measured. We observed significant differences in the fluxes between the littoral vegetation and open water surfaces. Carbon gas emissions from the open water surface were dominated by ebullitive CH₄ fluxes, with the open water acting as a net carbon source. Ebullition events occurred more frequently and with greater intensity in the forebay areas of the SWPs, contributing the most to open water carbon emissions. In contrast, carbon gas emissions from the vegetation were largely driven by photosynthesis and soil respiration, with the vegetated littoral zone functioning as a net CO2 sink. Different vegetation types exhibited varied responses to meteorological conditions, but all showed clear seasonal trends, with higher gas fluxes in summer due to increased biological activity, and minimal fluxes during the frozen season. Unlike vegetation, open water fluxes did not display a distinct seasonal trend; instead, they were primarily influenced by precipitation events and inflow runoff. The forebay of the industrial pond received higher carbon inputs from contaminated stormwater runoff, leading to greater sediment accumulation and elevated GHG fluxes, with frequent and high-intensity CH4 ebullition events being a notable feature. Our findings highlight the critical influence of land use, hydrological events, and seasonal cycles on the carbon balance of SWPs and their potential role in urban carbon cycling.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».