Dutch Reformed Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1550–1620. A Reformation of Refugees, by Jesse Spohnholz & Mirjam van Veen
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Among the newest areas of research into Reformation history is the experience of exiles, refugees, and other involuntary migrants.It's perhaps inevitable that a movement defined so thoroughly by questions of freedom of the will in matters spiritual ended up forcing so many individuals and groups on the road precisely for exercising that freedom; toleration, whether merely sufferance or acceptance, was still far in the future.One aspect of the burgeoning literature around this phenomenon of forced mobility has aimed to determine more precisely how the categories of exile, refugee, and involuntary migrant were defined and populated.It's not an inconsequential point, though it seems to skirt along the sidelines of the main dynamics rather than get at their heart.The broad term "refugee" itself may be anachronistic if used before the eighteenth century, and the narrow term "exile" is predicated on specific acts of expulsion which may never have taken the form of legislation or decrees.Yet such terms are only ever heuristic rather than ontological, and the debates around them seem less urgent than the existential choices around flight and survival that many involuntary migrants faced.Jesse Spohnholz and Mirjam van Veen here share the results of their extensive multi-year research project tracking Reformed refugees who left the Low Countries for the Holy Roman Empire through the sixteenth and into the seventeenth centuries.They frame their analysis with three questions of identification: who is Reformed?who is Dutch?who is a refugee?The category of "Reformed" was fluid and came to be associated more exclusively with Calvinism only in the nineteenth century.Moreover, Reformed churches themselves had multiple categories of membership based as much around payment, class, and discipline as around doctrine, and so a narrow definition will inevitably miss many who considered themselves Reformed even if they didn't appear as such on formal church rolls.The category of "Dutch" here becomes linguistic, which is to say it involves Dutch speakers rather than French-speaking Walloons, whose experience and flight engaged France more than the Holy Roman Empire.With regard to the category of "refugees", Spohnholz and van Veen distinguish push and pull factors, note the many problems of using terms that contemporaries used about themselves or that historians have applied to them, and end up advising that it's best to avoid rigid distinctions in view of the fact that most people failed to fit neatly into only one or another category.Working with a wide range of primary sources from municipal and ecclesiastical administrative records (council, consistory, and synodical minutes, legal
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,004 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».