Investigation of two different PACAP-38 (Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide) formulated feeds on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) immune responses with Enteric Red Mouth disease (Yersinia ruckeri)
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
• ELSA detection of antigen-specific IgT and IgM levels revealed that infected fish receiving both non-amidated and amidated PACAP had significantly lower IgT levels in their serum compared to those on a placebo diet. • Additionally, a significant difference was noted between the amidated and non-amidated groups within the non-infected category after quantifying IL-1β serum protein concentrations at 1 day post-infection (dpi). • Notably, in the gut, there were marked differences in il-1β expression among the three diets at both 1 dpi and 3 dpi. Furthermore, in infected fish, il-10 expression showed significant downregulation in the gut tissue at 1 dpi in the non-amidated PACAP group. • When comparing the expression of hepcidin between infected and non-infected groups in the spleen and head kidney at 1 dpi, significant upregulation was observed in the infected groups for both amidated and non-amidated PACAP in the spleen. Moreover, the spleen demonstrated a significant increase in tgf-β expression following infection with Yersinia ruckeri in the amidated PACAP group. • The amidated PACAP-38 feed elicited greater immunological responses in all three tissues at all time points and resulted in decreased mortality rates. In salmonids, as in other teleosts, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory activity, anti-oxidative stress, and cytoprotective impacts against several aquatic pathogens, including Yersinia ruckeri , which is the causative agent of Enteric Red Mouth (ERM) disease. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of feed formulated with two different forms of PACAP-38 on the immunological response of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) to infection with Y. ruckeri . Atlantic salmon ( n = 318, 45±5.6 g) were randomly assigned to three replicate tanks per diet, with a commercial base diet (Placebo), an amidated form of PACAP added to the commercial diet, and a non-amidated form of PACAP added to the commercial diet. After 28 days of feeding these diets, two tanks per diet underwent bath exposure (80 L tank for 60 min with 72 fish; water temperature was 16.6 ± 0.2 °C) to Y. ruckeri (isolate U27451–11; at 7.8 × 10 8 CFU/ml) and one tank per diet was unexposed. Fish (five fish per tank) were sampled prior to exposure, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 20 days post-infection (dpi). Infected salmon that received amidated PACAP feed showed a significantly higher survival rate ( P = 0.006 ) than the Placebo group. Bacteriological samples collected from the kidney and intestine identified Y. ruckeri as the cause of death. Acute mortality coincided with strong inflammatory responses that were variable across fish and groups. Furthermore, PACAP diets induced some inflammatory gene expression in the head kidney, intestine and spleen, mostly at 3 and 7 dpi ( il10 and hepc ). These data suggest that both amidated and non-amidated PACAP had induced il1ß, hepc and il10 , and the timing suggests protection against infection and stress, possibly by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and reducing oxidative stress. Due to the anti-inflammatory effects of il10 and its pleiotropic nature, gene expression results in response to PACAP feeds may suggest a more complex regulation of inflammation in the PACAP-fed fish. Further, mmp9 gene expression and assessment of IgT and IgM in the serum were observed to be stimulated earlier and maintained longer in the amidated diet, contributing to the resolution of infection and reduction of mortality.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».