Epidemiological Characteristics of Intestinal Protozoal Infections and Their Risk Factors in Malaysia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background Intestinal protozoal infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium parvum are prevalent in Malaysia. They cause severe diarrheal diseases with symptoms such as bloody stools, abdominal pain, stomach discomfort, and bloating. These infection outbreaks have been reported in diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and geographical regions usually during the rainy season or in areas with poor sanitation. Despite the importance of these infections, data on its overall prevalence, risk factors, and diagnostic methods remain limited. Objective The aim of this study is to systematically review and synthesize evidence on the risk factors, prevalence, and detection methods for intestinal protozoal infections in Malaysia, offering insights that are applicable to other tropical and low-income regions. Methods Studies on intestinal protozoal infections among Malaysian patients published after January 2010 up to November 2024 will be eligible for inclusion. The eligibility criteria include studies investigating infections caused by E. histolytica, G. lamblia, and C. parvum using validated diagnostic methods such as microscopy, molecular techniques, or immunoassays. Case reports, reviews, and studies without original data will be excluded. Comprehensive database searches will be conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library. The reference lists of selected papers are also checked. A standardized data extraction form will be used to record study characteristics, outcomes, and associated variables. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale approach. Data synthesis will utilize a random effects model to estimate pooled prevalence and identify risk factors associated with these infections. Subgroup analyses will examine variations by geographic region and diagnostic method. Statistical heterogeneity will be assessed using I2 statistic and meta-regression. Publication bias will be assessed using Egger and Begg funnel plot test. The results are reported in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Results This systematic review was funded in June 2024. Database searches were started in July 2024, and we identified 1652 papers as of December 2024 for screening. Completion of study screening is anticipated by May 2025, with data extraction and analysis expected to conclude by December 2025. Conclusions Our study will address critical knowledge gaps in the epidemiology and risk factors of intestinal protozoal infections in Malaysia. Study limitations include potential bias in study selection, heterogeneity in diagnostic methods, and differences in the reporting quality of the included studies. Our findings will provide valuable insights into the prevalence of these infections, the associated risk factors, and the diagnostic techniques employed, which should strengthen public health measures, improve diagnostic procedures, and guide future research to reduce the prevalence of intestinal protozoal infections in Malaysia. Trial Registration PROSPERO (International Prospective Registry of Systematic Reviews) registration CRD42023456199; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023456199 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/66350
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,025 | 0,041 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,025 | 0,022 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,019 | 0,014 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,005 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,033 | 0,002 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».