Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities but not Academic Difficulties Alone is Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living with HIV: Evidence from Clinical Research to Support and Refine the Current HAND Diagnostic Guidelines
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Diagnosing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a complex process aimed at determining the role of HIV versus other causes of neurocognitive impairment. In treated people with living long-term HIV infection, this process is further complicated by the presence of multiple medical and psychiatric comorbidities and varied educational history. Evidence-based research is therefore needed to refine the 2007 HAND diagnostic criteria on how to consider multimorbidity in making differential diagnoses. This is the case for presence of academic difficulties versus diagnosis of learning disabilities (LD), which have not been systematically studied in relation to HAND, and especially in relation to the presence of cognitive and depressive symptoms. The current study included 903 people with HIV referred for a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment of HAND at the Neurobehavioural Clinical-Research Unit (St. Michael's Hospital in Toronto, ON, Canada). Pre-morbid ability was assessed prior to standard testing and participants were classified into LD groups: No learning disabilities (n = 474), academic difficulties (n = 352) or diagnosed learning disability (LD, n = 77). The neuropsychological test battery assessed domains of complex attention, learning and memory, psychomotor efficiency, and executive functioning, and performance was adjusted with demographic corrections. Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) status was determined using the global deficit score method (GDS ≥ 0.5 detecting at least mild global NCI). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and cognitive symptoms with the Patient's Assessment of Own Functioning (PAOFI). Logistic regression models were used to assess odds of NCI in the three groups while considering main and interactive effects of clinically relevant depression (BDI > 10) or elevated cognitive symptoms (PAOFI > 3). Only LD diagnosis was significantly associated with increased odds of NCI, OR = 1.90, 95% CI (1.15, 3.14). In the same model, both cognitive symptoms, OR = 1.97, 95% CI (1.50, 2.58), and depression symptoms OR = 1.39, 95% CI (1.06, 1.82) were also significantly associated with increased odds of NCI, but not their interaction. Diagnosis of LD, but not academic difficulties alone, is associated with increased odds of NCI among treated persons living with HIV who are clinically referred. While this was in part independent of depression and cognitive symptoms, adults with HIV and LD diagnosis who had high depression and cognitive symptoms had greatest odds of NCI. These findings assist in the refinement of the current HAND diagnostic guidelines.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,009 | 0,038 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».