Determinant Factors of Stress in Caregivers of Patients With Schizophrenia: Cross-Sectional Study
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Background: Caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia face ongoing psychological and emotional burdens due to the chronic and relapsing nature of the disorder and the complexity of caregiving. Prolonged exposure to caregiving stress characterized by emotional exhaustion, role overload, and lack of social support has been consistently associated with poor mental health outcomes among caregivers, including depression and anxiety. Objective: This study aimed to assess stress levels among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and identify the key determinants of caregiver stress. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey that was conducted between June and August 2024 at the Labakkang District Health Center, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. A total of 110 female caregivers participated in the study. Data were collected using validated questionnaires to measure stress levels and related factors. Statistical analyses included chi-square tests to identify associations and partial least squares structural equation modeling to examine the strength and direction of relationships between variables. Results: This study included 110 female caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia. The majority were early older people (48/110, 44%), had a basic level of education (elementary to junior high school; 45/110, 46%), were unemployed (83/110, 75%), and had been providing care for more than 10 years (42/110, 38%). A total of 58 of 110 (53%) caregivers experienced mild levels of stress, while 63 of 110 (57%) caregivers reported a moderate caregiving burden. Additionally, 64 of 110 (58%) caregivers reported challenges related to patient treatment nonadherence, and 58 of 110 (53%) caregivers experienced low levels of social stigma. Most caregivers (69/110, 63%) adopted adaptive coping strategies; however, more than half reported low levels of knowledge (59/110, 54%) and limited access to health information (73/110, 66%). The chi-square analysis identified several statistically significant associations with stress: age (P=.03), education (P<.001), caregiving burden (P<.001), knowledge (P<.001), coping strategies (P<.001), treatment nonadherence (P=.004), and perceived stigma (P=.003). Further, partial least squares structural equation modeling analysis showed that caregiving burden (r=0.672), stigma (r=0.921), and limited knowledge (r=0.909) were positively correlated with stress. In contrast, social support was strongly negatively associated with stress (r=-0.872), indicating its protective role. Conclusions: These findings underscore the critical need for targeted interventions that enhance social support networks, reduce stigma, and strengthen caregivers' coping capacities. Strengthening these dimensions is essential to mitigating the psychological toll of caregiving and sustaining caregivers' functional well-being. Evidence increasingly supports that empowering caregivers through structured support systems and educational initiatives can substantially alleviate stress-related burdens and improve care continuity for individuals with schizophrenia.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».