Racial and ethnic variations of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic indices in female athletes: a meta-analysis
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Background Although it is well known that high-intensity physical training can induce structural changes to the heart, most of the published data concern male athletes only. There remains a paucity of knowledge concerning the potential racial and ethnic variations of the female athlete’s heart. Purpose We aim to compare markers of cardiac function and structure among female athletes of different races and ethnicities, and to provide reference values specific to each group. Methods We searched Embase, PubMed, MEDLINE, CINAHL and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria were: (1) adult females (≥18 years old), (2) athletes (registered in a sports federation who engage in sports most days for several hours), (3) reported data about race and ethnicity, and (4) reported data on echocardiographic and/or electrocardiographic indices. We excluded studies with female master athletes (≥35 years old) and studies with athletes who had known cardiovascular disorders at the time of study entry. Results We included 43 cohort studies, enrolling 13,862 female athletes, of which 7,066 were endurance, 298 were resistance and 6,498 were mixed athletes. The median age was 22.2 (95% CI: 21.1, 23.3) years old. We presented the results in Table 1. Although no differences were statistically significant, Black athletes had the highest systolic blood pressure (110.9 mmHg), while White athletes had the highest diastolic blood pressure (71.1 mmHg). The mean heart rate was lowest in White athletes (55.2/min) and highest in Hispanic athletes (68.8/min). Moreover, QRS duration was shortest in Black athletes (83.7 ms) and longest in Metis athletes (90.0 ms), while QTc duration was shortest in Hispanic athletes (408.0 ms) and longest in Pacific Islander athletes (423.3 ms). The indexed left ventricular mass was highest in Black athletes (85.6 gm/m²) and smallest in Asian athletes (65.6 gm/m²). Finally, the indexed atrial volumes were highest among Black athletes, with the indexed left atrial volume at 32.8 mL/m² and the indexed right atrial volume at 25.8 mL/m², respectively. Conclusion Due to the small number of studies of races and ethnicities other than Whites, we were insufficiently powered to detect significant racial and ethnic variations in female athletes' hearts. However, our findings may serve as normal reference values for cardiologists and healthcare providers who wish to better interpret electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings in their female athlete patients.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,005 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,003 | 0,004 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,003 | 0,002 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».