Enforcing the Canadian Prohibition of Overcrowding Livestock in Transit Without Resorting to Science
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Administrative law is about articulating norms and promoting adoption and enforcement of human behaviour practices in areas where individual choice conflicts with the public good. Administrative law often has quazi-criminal features characterized by the prohibition and penalty duality of criminal law. Importantly violations of administrative law are penalized but not punished. Criminal law is sanctioning human behaviour of a type that calls for punishment to achieve proportional condemnation and retribution on behalf of civil society. Violation of administrative statutes results in a penalty, often a small monetary fine. Administrative penalties, resolved within the primary judicial system, are characterized by identifying specific undesirable behaviour amenable to simple and direct corrective action by a policing entity, such as the offence created when one exceeds the posted speed limit. Other simple violations with more indirect measurements such as the offence of driving under the influence of alcohol are manifested by “blowing” above 0.08% alcohol in expired respiratory air. These types of minor indiscretions, are addressed by Common Offence prosecution (tickets). Administrative penalties are used to respond to minor human misbehavior by accountable citizens, that can be measured with little room for contention. It allows for immediate response by the regulatory authority while respecting human rights and natural justice (pay or choose trial). In Canada, the welfare of livestock in transit is an administrative issue, livestock hauling is a legitimate behaviour within a fair regulatory frame. Livestock hauling is extra provincial and international and is regulated by the Health of Animals (Act) Regulations Part XII and enforced by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Violations have been addressed since 1985 via the Administrative Monetary Penalties Act, SC 1995, c 40. This Act creates a parallel administrative justice system to the Provincial Courts and is bound by standard Rule of Law with the right of appeal (but no right of trial). After over 30 years of failed industry consultation initiatives, a major revision to the humane transport provisions was proclaimed in 2020. A violative numerical threshold of overcrowding had not been articulated in the pre-2020 Regulations. Surprisingly, the new 2020 revision also failed to articulate numerical thresholds that clearly indicate an overcrowding violation for livestock transport in Canada. However, the International Animal Transporters Association maximal stocking density provisions were included by reference, making those standards enforceable law in Canada. This paper reviews the 20 cases from 2004 to 2024 where transporters appealed a sanction for overcrowding livestock transported by land. From the published appeal adjudication, this paper describes the narrative character of rational review of enforcement of the prohibition of overcrowding where there is no bright line definition of an offence. The paper postulates why both regulator and regulated may prefer to work in an intentionally inefficient institutional arrangement, preferring opacity to clarity in what constitutes an overcrowding violation in Law.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».