Arctic urbanization as a Soviet global project on the example of Norilsk. 1935 - the first quarter of the XX century
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The article considers Soviet activities in the Arctic zone as a manifestation of the policy of globalism. The ideas on which the Soviet project as a whole was based were global in nature: world revolution, creation of a new man and society, transformation of nature, etc. One of such global projects was the inclusion of the Arctic space in economic processes, which was realized throughout the entire Soviet period of history. One of such global projects was the inclusion of the Arctic space in economic processes, which was realized throughout the entire Soviet period of history. Urban planning became an important element of the Arctic development. The source base of the article consists of documents from 3 archives - the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), the State Archive of Krasnoyarsk Krai (GAKK) and the Norilsk City Archive, interviews collected by the author, as well as published memoirs of Norilsk residents. The sources used allow us to cover the topic on several levels - national, regional, local and personal. Norilsk is one of the 7 large Soviet Arctic cities. It started as a settlement at the combine, with a rather low level of amenities. However, the rejection of forced labor and the extreme conditions of the Polar region required the implementation of ideas that previously existed only in a propaganda format. Thanks to high salaries, measures to develop infrastructure and improve living comfort, the population of Norilsk was actively growing. Along with the population growth, the number of specialists in various fields was also increasing, contributing to the enrichment of the urban environment. When they left for the mainland, they did not break ties with Norilsk, forming a kind of diaspora that covered not only the USSR territory, but also a number of other countries. As a result, Norilsk outgrew its monofunctionality and became a full-fledged urban settlement with a developed environment and strong social ties, and a significant research base was developed on the methods of production, construction, and human adaptation to the conditions of the North. All this allowed Norilsk to become an important reference point in the process of Arctic exploration in the past, present and future. It was proved that people can live and work above the Arctic Circle, that it is possible to build cities and develop settlement systems. It was not possible to achieve complete city improvement and protection from the harsh climate, but successful solutions to a number of important issues were found. The experience of Soviet urbanization in the Arctic Circle, including Norilsk, is widely demanded in the world and is of great importance for the further development of high latitudes.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,006 | 0,004 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».