Breast-milk substitute marketing practices in four countries: an analysis using a community-based approach
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
BACKGROUND: This quantitative study engaged volunteer participants and a scavenger hunt application with the purpose of collecting photographic data of the breadth and scope of violations of the World Health Organization's Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes ("the Code") and subsequent World Health Assembly Resolutions, in four industrialized countries- the United States ("U.S."), Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom ("U.K."). These four countries do not have or do not adequately enforce their related polices or laws. A secondary goal was to provide evidence to inform national strategic planning efforts related to the marketing practices of manufacturers and distributors of breast-milk substitutes (BMS). METHODS: Participants had to be residents of either the U.S., Australia, Canada or the U.K., and had to be 18 years old at minimum. They were recruited via social media, conference attendance and professional networks. Participants completed a demographic survey and downloaded the scavenger hunt application onto their mobile devices. The application directed participants to fulfill as many of the thirty total "missions," which were provided by the research team, by uploading photographic evidence of images that they believed were examples of breaches of the Code. Data collection occurred from July 19, 2023 through July 31, 2024. The research team assessed, recategorized and calculated the numbers of participant submissions after the data collection phase. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software was utilized to conduct descriptive statistics, including Pearson's chi-squared and residuals. RESULTS: In total, 738 individuals were eligible and consented to participation in the study. Of those individuals, 323 continued on to the scavenger hunt application. After evaluation by the research team to assess if participant submissions were submitted under the appropriate "mission" within the application, and then if their submission qualified as a true violation of the Code, 138 submitted violations were verified and included in the analysis. Key findings include the prevalence of digital marketing violations across all four countries, false, unsubstantiated marketing claims on BMS, a lack of key instructions on the preparation, handling and storage on labels of infant formula products and the marketing violations of BMS in healthcare facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Breaches of the Code are prevalent across the U.S., the U.K., Australia and Canada and expose the public to misleading marketing tactics. To safeguard breastfeeding from exploitative digital marketing practices, countries must legislate the Code into national law and commit to its implementation through advocacy, policy and enactment.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,006 | 0,011 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,004 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Communication savante | 0,002 | 0,002 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,003 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,002 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».