Do combined oral contraceptives have long-term effects? Little evidence of an enduring effect on cognitive function in former users
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
The use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs) is associated with subtle differences in brain activity and in certain cognitive, perceptual, or affective processes among current COC users compared with non-users. Whether any differences persist after the COCs are discontinued is essentially unknown. In a retrospective analysis of a cognitive dataset from healthy adults ( N = 221, M age = 23.78 yrs), we asked whether any residual effects of COC use could be identified in former users (who had discontinued their COCs ∼30 mo prior) on standardized tests of verbal fluency and visuospatial function. A detailed reproductive history was available, including specifics of any past COC use. Cognition was evaluated during the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle when the ovaries are quiescent and hormone production is lowest. Based on their reproductive history, participants were classified as former users of COCs ( N = 86, mean duration of COC use = 29.89 mo), never-users ( N = 106, no past use of hormonal contraceptives), or current users ( N = 29, currently using a COC, mean duration of COC use = 29.72 mo). All COCs contained either levonorgestrel or a progestin from the norethindrone family, and 30–35 μg/day of ethinyl estradiol. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) contrasting cognitive performance in the 3 groups showed that despite the use of androgenic progestins and an estradiol dose that was relatively high, there was no evidence of a difference between former-users and never-users on any of the cognitive tests. Current users scored lower than former or never users on a conventional visuospatial task (Space Relations). Partial correlations controlling for age, estimated IQ, and pregnancy history revealed that duration of past COC use in former users was significantly associated with verbal fluency on one of two phonemic fluency tasks administered. A longer duration of COC use was associated with poorer word generation ability. This dataset produced little evidence of any enduring effects of COC use, however a duration-dependent association between former COC use and verbal fluency reinforces a similar trend reported previously among current users. • Compared 86 former users of oral contraceptives, 106 never users, 29 current users. • Cognitive performance evaluated during the early follicular phase of cycle. • No group differences on 5 tests of verbal fluency and visuospatial abilities • Duration of past use was negatively correlated with word production in former users. • A group of current users showed lower mean accuracy on the Space Relations Test.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».