Estimating CO2 emissions from international medical electives: a literature review and quantitative analysis
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
• There is growing concern regarding the carbon footprint associated with face-to-face international electives. • Virtual electives are undertaken by students and instructors who are separated in space, where instructors can teach remotely via the internet using technology such as videoconferencing and virtual reality. These virtual electives have recently appeared as an attractive alternative with the potential to contribute to improving the sustainability of medical education and student satisfaction has so far been broadly positive based on available literature. • We performed calculations for direct round trips from the United Kingdom (UK) to the 10 most popular elective destinations for UK medical students. • Our CO2 emissions calculator produced similar emission estimates to other calculators used, and suggests that the carbon footprint of IMEs is substantial. • Future research should also evaluate alternative programmes, to assess whether or not virtual or local electives are considered to provide the same educational benefits as in-person electives. Electives are short placements during medical school lasting 2–8 weeks, serving as an opportunity to engage with different healthcare systems and cultures and to travel overseas. However, amid increasing alarm about climate change, interest in the sustainability of electives and alternative elective formats are gaining attention. A scoping review of MEDLINE, Embase, ERIC, Web of Science SCOPUS, WHO Globus Index Medicus and Scielo was conducted with double-blind screening to identify previous efforts to quantify carbon costs of electives. To quantify the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of electives, we created an approach based on the fuel efficiency of aircraft used for long-haul travel, distances from the UK to popular elective destinations and the average occupancy rates of aeroplanes. These results were compared with results from seven existing resources: MyClimate, ICAO, Google Flights, C Level and EcoTree. The review did not identify any previous studies estimating the environmental costs of medical student electives. All of the 7,575 records revealed by the database search were excluded following full-text screening. Our estimates of the CO 2 emissions from round-trip flights from Heathrow Airport, London, UK to the 10 most popular elective destinations were: Australia: 2,995 kg/person, USA: 1,039 kg/person, New Zealand: 3,316 kg/person, Canada: 941 kg/person, India: 1,185 kg/person, South Africa: 1,705 kg/person, Malaysia: 1,867 kg/person, Tanzania: 1,322 kg/person, Ireland: 79 kg/person. This is the first study to quantify the carbon footprint of international medical electives. Our bespoke calculations, which generally agree with the results from established tools, reveal that CO 2 emissions from international travel for electives are substantial, compared to the average annual CO 2 emissions of 7,000 kg per person in the UK. This study provides evidence to motivate the design and delivery of alternative elective programmes.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,010 | 0,026 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,004 | 0,006 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,034 | 0,037 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,003 | 0,003 |
| Science ouverte | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,002 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».