The Geopolitical Shift of Energy Supply and Demand: The Implications on the Middle Eastern Energy Suppliers
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Introduction The shale revolution in the U.S. is changing the country's position in the market from a major importer of energy to an energy exporter. In 2013, U.S. energy production reached to 81.7 quadrillion BTU (quads) which was sufficient to supply 84% of its total energy demand of 97.5 quads. In the same year, U.S. energy mix included 82% of fossil fuels, 10% renewable and 8% nuclear energy. U.S. domestic energy supplies, particularly natural gas and crude oil have, increased markedly since 2005. Between 2005 and 2014, U.S. tight oil and shale gas production boosted significantly and rose nearly 34 and 65 percent, respectively. American oil output in 2013 has witnessed its largest annual increase since 1989, reaching 7.44 million barrels per day. It also projected that by 2015, America's oil output will reach to 9.6 million barrels a day – the highest number ever produced since 1970. Dry natural gas production in 2013 was also at its highest level ever, having increased by 21 percent since January 2010. Most of this production increase has been a result of increase in drilling productivity particularly in Marcellus shale formation. Alongside this production increase, U.S. exports of refined petroleum products and natural gas pipeline export to its neighboring countries grew dramatically last year. Refined petroleum exports jumped 10 percent in 2013 and reached to 2.95 million barrels a day in October of this year. This was a 70 of percent increase in comparison to the past decade. U.S. natural gas pipeline exports to its neighboring countries in 2013 peaked at nearly 99 billion cubic feet (bcf) in January. This number was 84 bcf in 2012 and 25 bcf in 2003. Over the past decade, U.S. natural gas exports to Mexico, via pipeline, almost doubled and more than tripled to Canada. At the same time, overall U.S. energy imports in 2013 fell by 10 percent compared to 2012, and 15 percent in compared to 2011. The last time this ratio of U.S. domestic energy supplies to consumption was so high was during the 1978 to 1982 period. This was the time that U.S. oil consumption declined as a result of global oil prices rose due to the 1979 revolution in Iran, and the Iran-Iraq war between 1980 and 1988. This dramatic increase of domestic energy production is, as we know, mainly the result of technological innovations. Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technologies have increased U.S. oil production by 30 percent.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction distillée sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule tête enseignante, pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».