AUBREY MUSSEN: MONTREAL PIONEER OF THE FIRST HUMAN STEREOTACTIC DEVICE IN NORTH AMERICA
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Despite the historical significance of his work, Dr. Aubrey Mussen remains a relatively unknown figure in the annals of stereotactic neurosurgery. The groundbreaking work of this Montreal-born individual was crucial in laying the foundation for contemporary stereotactic neurosurgery, a field that continues to evolve and improve patient outcomes. Dr. Aubrey Mussen is a less-known figure in the history of stereotactic neurosurgery. He was a Canadian pioneer of radiosurgery. This historical review highlights his important role in advancing the development of stereotactic apparatuses for the brain, mainly by creating the first human stereotactic device in North America. We reviewed the literature on the history of stereotactic neurosurgery using PubMed, Google Scholar and consulted original works by Dr. Mussen himself. The first stereotactic instrument was designed in 1905 by R.H. Clarke, in collaboration with the neurosurgeon Victor Horsley, for use in animal brain experiments. Around the same time, Aubrey Mussen, born in Montreal in 1873 and completing his medical studies at McGill in 1900, went to England to work with Clarke and Horsley. Mussen became deeply intrigued by their device and its potential. He purchased a device before returning to McGill, where he continued his research in the basal ganglia and cerebellum. By 1910, Mussen had been recruited by Alzheimer in Munich, who already had an important reputation. During his time in Munich, he completed an atlas of the brainstem and thalamus of the monkey, which could not be published immediately because of the WWI. Due to the war, Mussen was also forced to return to London, where he secured a position as a neuropathologist. In 1918, he designed the first stereotactic instrument that was used by humans. These first devices were constructed for use in functional surgery for Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. His device was built in London before Mussen returned to Montreal to become the head of the neurological ward at Ste-Anne’s Hospital, which was built for the wounded returning from WWI. In 1920, he moved to the United States to work at Johns Hopkins University. Mussen finally concluded his academic career at the Carnegie Institute in Washington in 1933. Despite successfully designing a groundbreaking invention, Mussen was unable to find a neurosurgeon willing to use his stereotactic apparatus on humans. Around 1944, Mussen stored his invention in his attic, where it was rediscovered by his son around 1971. The first human stereotactic surgery was finally performed in 1947 by Spiegel and Wycis in Philadelphia, who adapted the Horsley-Clarke device to create the first stereoencephalotomy. Despite never being applied to an actual human patient, Mussen’s innovation significantly influenced the historical progression of stereotactic surgery as a neurosurgical technique. This work as a pioneer is mostly forgotten today in his native Canada.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,002 | 0,012 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,004 | 0,003 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,002 | 0,003 |
| Communication savante | 0,004 | 0,005 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,002 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,003 | 0,005 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,032 | 0,009 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».