Bridging Laboratory Insights to Field Applications: Advancing Geochemical Modelling of Hybrid Low-Salinity Surfactant Flooding in Carbonates
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Low-salinity waterflooding (LSWF) is emerging as a promising enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique. LSWF is being proposed in a hybrid form, where LSWF can be combined with other EOR processes to enhance the interactions between the reservoir fluids and the rock. The hybrid application of LSWF with surfactants could potentially offer a higher oil recovery efficiency as compared to surfactant flooding or LSWF individually. This has also been corroborated by our preliminary results from the hybrid low-salinity surfactant flooding studies to date. However, studies pertinent to the geochemical reactions in the hybrid low-salinity surfactant flooding is rather limited, especially in carbonates. For reservoir-condition simulation of hybrid low-salinity surfactant flooding, a multiphase multicomponent geochemical model is proposed to adequately examine the complex interactions among multicomponent reactions, wettability alteration, and oil recovery. In this paper, a comprehensive laboratory and modelling study is presented to capture rock-brine, brine-oil, and brine-surfactant interactions in the presence of potential determining ions (PDIs), specifically Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−. The laboratory experiments involve interfacial tension (IFT) measurements, static single-phase adsorption tests, coreflooding tests and effluent analysis. These tests provide critical reservoir-condition data for scaling up to field-scale simulations. As for the modelling part, a multiphase multicomponent geochemical model is proposed which includes intra-aqueous, mineral dissolution/precipitation, ion-exchange reactions, IFT and adsorption. The IFT tests demonstrated that the addition of surfactant to 1% diluted seawater (1%dSW) enhanced the oil-water interactions and significantly reduced the IFT to a much lower value compared to the LSW solution alone. The static adsorption isotherm of the A-2 surfactant in low-salinity water on crushed carbonate samples at 86°C reveals that surfactant adsorption increased rapidly at low equilibrium concentrations indicating a strong initial affinity between the surfactant and the carbonate surface. As the surfactant concentration increased, the adsorption rate slowed due to the decreasing availability of favorable sites, eventually reaching a plateau as the surface becomes saturated. The adsorption experimental data was fitted to different adsorption models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Sips. The findings indicated that most models align well with the experimental data, except for the Langmuir model, which poorly fits across the entire concentration range, suggesting limitations in monolayer adsorption. The effluent analysis during LSW and LSS flooding in carbonate cores initially saturated with seawater reveals significant ion exchange and dilution effects. The simulation models closely matched the experimental data, accurately capturing the ion transport and exchange mechanisms, with minor deviations possibly due to the carbonate core's complex pore structure. Experimental and modeled oil displacement efficiency, along with differential pressure profiles for 1%dSW flood showed a total recovery of 60.02%. For the 1%dSW+A-2 flood, the oil displacement reached 67.2% which was significantly higher than the 1%dSW flood case. Field-scale simulations showed a total oil recovery of 40% for the 1%dSW case, while the 1%dSW+A-2 case achieved a higher oil recovery of 51%. The experimental and modelling procedures employed in this research will enhance the relevance and applicability of the results to real-world field conditions. The insights presented in this paper will interest researchers involved in water-based EOR for their forthcoming investigations.
Récupéré en direct depuis OpenAlex et désinversé. Les résumés ne sont pas conservés dans cette base de données : les index inversés représentent 8,6 Go des 9,3 Go de texte de la base, et le serveur dispose de 13 Go libres.
Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».