Geothermal Energy from High-Water Production Zones in the Eastern Venezuela Basin: Simulation Results for Reservoirs in the Orinoco Oil Belt and North of Monagas State, Venezuela
Notice bibliographique
Résumé
Abstract Eastern Venezuela Basin is one of the world's most prolific hydrocarbon basins and an ecosystem where water management poses a significant challenge for energy production in Venezuela. Several studies have explored the management and utilization of water from this basin, particularly for improved/enhanced oil recovery. However, the efficient use of produced water for geothermal energy extraction has not been thoroughly investigated. This article aims to evaluate the feasibility of applying geothermal energy extraction technologies in mature hydrocarbon reservoirs and high-water production wells through numerical simulation. Numerical simulations using 3D sector models were conducted for a high-temperature/high-pressure reservoir in North of Monagas state (140 °C) and in a cluster of wells in the Orinoco Oil Belt (50 °C), where high-water production wells were adapted to assess heat transfer and estimate the energy output from these reservoirs. Furthermore, this article presents a detailed analysis of the sources and composition of waters in Eastern Venezuela Basin hydrocarbon reservoirs, geologic context, geothermal gradients, and key factors influencing geothermal energy applications. It also examines selected geothermal techniques suitable for deep reservoirs in North of Monagas State and shallow reservoirs in the Orinoco Oil Belt, particularly in areas with high water cuts and wells with low commercial value, for geothermal energy generation. The findings of this study suggest that medium-shallow and deep high-temperature geothermal energy techniques, together with the use of water for alternative IOR/EOR processes and exploring hydrogen production and mineral extraction are potential scenarios for water management in the Eastern Venezuela Basin. Sensitivities of key parameters such as borehole depth, reservoir temperature, and circulating flow rate were taken into account during the simulation of geothermal scenarios. Current results emphasize the need for robust studies on geological and geophysical assessments to update geothermal gradients in Eastern Venezuela Basin, as well as physical and geochemical characterization of geothermal water sources. Additionally, for the generation of geothermal energy in this basin from high water production zones, it is crucial to account for physical and geochemical reactions, such as solid precipitation, scaling, acid gases management, and designing efficient underground-to surface heat transfer. These factors directly influence the efficiency, safety, and cost-effectiveness of geothermal applications This article explores the potential use of geothermal energy as an alternative approach for water management and energy generation in complex deep compositional reservoirs and shallow reservoirs with highly viscous crude oils. This study will serve as a reference for technical and economic feasibility assessments in other field applications. The outcomes of this work will help in determining suitable geothermal energy conversion technologies and conducting feasibility analysis for future geothermal energy production in Venezuela.
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Comment cette classification a été obtenuedéplier
Prédiction machine sur la base complète
Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Le volet Gemma est une étiquette directe du modèle pour chaque travail de la base, lue sur la notice réduite au titre. Le volet Codex est un classifieur appris des 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et calibré sur les taux pondérés de l'échantillon; les champs sans appui suffisant ne portent aucun appel Codex. Le mode candidate est l'union des deux volets; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont pas des étiquettes humaines.
Scores du classifieur distillé par catégorie (deux têtes)
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,000 | 0,001 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Communication savante | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,003 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découleClassification
machine, non validéePrédiction automatique; un appel candidat d’une seule source (Gemma direct ou Codex distillé), pas un consensus.
Le détail, modèle par modèle et score par score, se trouve en fin de page sous « Comment cette classification a été obtenue ».