The financial repercussions of rheumatoid arthritis and determinants of catastrophic healthcare expenditure: insights from the Karnataka chapter of the Indian rheumatology association
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Résumé
To estimate the financial burden and the determinants of catastrophic healthcare expenditure(CHE) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA) residing in the state of Karnataka, India. This was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study carried out by the practicing rheumatologists across 17 centers in Karnataka, India. Patients with RA diagnosed as per ACR classification criteria and on follow-up for at least 1-year were interviewed regarding disease-related expenditures which included direct medical and non-medical costs. CHE defined as > 20% of annual family income was analysed for various sociodemographic and clinical variables. Results are presented in Indian currency (INR), wherein 100 INR = 1.17 USD = 1.06 EURO. We included 2141 patients with RA (M: F::11:89), mean age 50.9 ± 12 years. The median annual expenditure towards treatment of RA including all direct medical and non-medical costs was ₹32200(IQR 21600,45200), the largest proportion (41.0%) being for RA medications. More than 10% annual income was being spent for treatment of RA by 48.1%(n = 1029)] of patients while CHE (> 20%) was noted in 582(27.1%) patients. Longer time taken for referral to rheumatologist [β = 1.28 (1.15,1.43)], longer duration of illness [β = 1.002(1.001,1.003)], presence of comorbidity [β = 1.12(1.04,1.22)] and disability HAQ-DI > 2 [β = 1.37(1.20,1.56)] had significant association with higher direct expenditure. Patients belonging to lower SES [AOR 2.66(1.99,3.56)], primary and middle level of patient education [AOR 1.57(1.05,2.36) & 2.01(1.32,3.07)] and hospitalisation [β = 9.20(6.25,13.6)] incurred CHE. The primary drivers of high direct expenditure in patients with RA in Karnataka, India are cost of medications, delayed specialist referral, high disease activity, disability and comorbidities. Additionally, hospitalization significantly contributes to CHE. 1. Nearly one-quarter of patients with RA in Karnataka, India experience catastrophic healthcare expenditure (CHE), spending over 20% of their annual income for their treatment. 2. Medications account for the largest share (41%) of RA related costs, making treatment affordability a key concern. 3. Patients who take longer time to diagnose and those with higher disease activity, disability, comorbidities and hospitalisations have higher medical expenses. 4. Lower socio economic strata patients and those with lower education levels are at higher risk of catastrophic expenses. 5. Improving access to rheumatologists, early diagnosis, and better disease control can help lower long-term medical expenses and prevent severe disability.
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Imitation des enseignantsNi prévalence calibrée, ni vérité terrain. Validation humaine à venir. Apprise à partir de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Codex et de 10 348 étiquettes directes de Gemma. Le mode candidate est l'union des têtes enseignantes seuillées; le consensus est leur intersection. Ces sorties portent le statut machine_predicted_unvalidated et ne sont ni des étiquettes humaines ni des étiquettes directes de modèles de pointe.
Scores Codex et Gemma par catégorie
| Catégorie | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Métarecherche | 0,001 | 0,001 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens strict) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Méta-épidémiologie (sens large) | 0,001 | 0,000 |
| Bibliométrie | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Études des sciences et des technologies | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Communication savante | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Science ouverte | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Intégrité de la recherche | 0,000 | 0,000 |
| Charge utile insuffisante (le modèle a refusé de juger) | 0,000 | 0,000 |
Scores machine (provisoires)
Les deux têtes enseignantes du modèle étudiant, lues sur ce travail. Un score ordonne la base pour la relecture; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie, et le statut de validation accompagne chaque rangée tel quel.
Scores de référence d'un modèle non mature (critères de maturité non atteints, 7 itérations). Un score ordonne; il n'affirme jamais une catégorie.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · tel quel depuis la passe de notation : score_only signifie que le nombre peut ordonner les travaux, et qu'aucune étiquette de catégorie n'en découle